Section 3 Flashcards by Angelina Vo (Student WHS)

IBM and American Airlines uses SAGE technology for flight reservations
1000 travel agents, 50 locations, 2 IBM 7090 CPUs

SABRE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Programs on punch cards
Program output printed on paper

Batch-oriented computing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Interaction between computer and operator in real time

Interactive computing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Air Force commissions Servomechanisms Lab at MIT to build a flight simulator.
Core memory system, cathode-ray tube display screen, printer.

Project Whirlwind

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

IBM uses this technology in two AN/FSQ-7 computers with cathode-ray tube consoles
Air defense system

SAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Multiple keyboard terminals can access a central computer at the same time.
Idea by John McCarthy, developed by Fernando Corbato

Timesharing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Uses are allocated part of the directory to store data.
Users cannot access others data.
Users type commands onto teletype keyboards.
Supports up to 30 users.

CTSS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Early development of:
- “escape” and “control” keys.
- text editors.
- email messaging.

CTSS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dartmouth professors Kemeny and E. Kurtz sought to make computer programming more accessible because FORTRAN was very difficult.

BASIC programming language

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Invented in 1964 by Kemeny and E. Kurtz.
- Interpreted language, not compiled
- The program runs one line at a time
- Quick feedback
- Teletype input and output

BASIC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Computer that was popular for timesharing programs.

General Electric 235

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MIT invented this to replace CTSS. Delayed due to development

Multics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Slow, buggy, over-engineered.
Too complex – tried to do too much. Could only support up to 25 users, even with the GE 645.

Multics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Founded by MIT engineer Kenneth Olsen. Pioneered the PDP series here.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transistors and core memory.
Cost $125,000.
Did not offer apps, software, or marketing

PDP-1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cost $18,000.
Size of a refrigerator (aka a minicomputer).
Repurposed in the original equipment manufacturer industry.

PDP-8

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Over 170,00 units sold.
Used RSTS-11 timesharing system.
Used modified form of BASIC.
Support C and the Unix OS.

PDP-11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Invented the C programming language.

Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Minimalist design with both high and low-level access.
Could run on any computer with a C compiler.
Fast and powerful.

Unix OS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly used in universities.
Students who learned this OS got jobs.
Infiltrated the business world.

Unix OS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office.
Developed the foundations of networking in 1963.

J.C.R Licklider

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proposed store and forward packet switching based on nineteenth-century telegram networks.

Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran, and Donald Davis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Expanded from 4-100 nodes. Popularized electronic mail. U.S government sponsored networking program.

ARPANET

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rules about connected computer systems.
Each host could connect to ARPANET directly.

TCP/IP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An agreement on how data is formatted, encoded and transmitted.

Protocol

Non-ARPANET universities founded this in 1980. Notable for email and newsgroups.

Usenet

Early form of social media/online forums

Newsgroups

Founded by CUNY with access to IBM mainframe.

Bitnet

Merger of BITNET and CS Net. Larger and better-funded than ARPANET. Commercialized in the 1990s.

NSFNET

The United States' government's Advanced Respearch Projects Agency network.

ARPANET

Developed in France during the 1970-1980s. Used a display screen and keyboard.

Minitel

Could search phone numbers, read news, order train tickets, check weather, and access to 1000+ online services.

Minitel

Invented the first wireless computer in Hawaii.

Norm Abramson

Packet-switching network transmitted via radio.

ALOHAnet

Market leader in copy machines. Patents expired in the 1970s. Company invested in developing computer technologies.

XEROX PARC

Managed Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center

Robert Taylor

A dedicated machine for one user. PARC wanted to mass-produce individual devices.

Personal computer (PC)

Bitmapped screen displaying text and images. Keyboard and mouse.

The ALTO

Uses laser beams to control ink placement. Print text and images precisely

Laser printer

Earliest version of these computers could not share data with others.

ALTO

PARC researcher developes Ethernet

Robert Metcalfe

Computers transmit data through cables

Ethernet

The first graphical user interface based word processor. Made by the PARC team.

BRAVO

Program for the BRAVO. What you see is what you get.

WYSIWYG

Fonts, Images, layout on the Bravo program called

WYSIWIG (features)

PARC researcher who developed the programming language Smalltalk.

Alan Kay

Uses object-oriented programming developed by Alan Kay.

Smalltalk

Commercial version of the Alto, released in 1981

Xerox Star

Cost $16,000 Sluggish hardware and limited software GUI with accessible onscreen icons

Xerox Star

Stopped selling computers in the 80s

Xerox

Developed the microprocessor at Intel.

Ted Hoff

Debuted in 1971. Developed by Ted Hoff. Microprocessor

4004 microprocessor

Startup MITS develops this in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1974. Cost less than $400.

Altair 8800

Intel 8080 chip, 256 bytes of memory, no input/output, manually load programs through switches, expansion cards added memory and functionality.

Altair 8800

Made by Radio Shack. Sold in large network of stores. Earned the nickname "trash" because of its poor performance.

TRS-80

Keyboard, monitor, and cassette tape. Calculator-style keyboard. Commodore 64 was the best-selling desktop PC ever.

Commodore PET

Apple II

Ports of text-based games. Ex. "Adventure"

Early games

Modified arcade games. Ex. "Centipede"

PC games

Written by wiring microchips. Ex. "Breakout"

Custom computers

VisiCalc co-creator who developed the first computerized spreadsheet.

Daniel Bricklin

First computerized spreadsheet

VisiCalc

A feature that is indispensable or far superior to other products.

Killer app

VisiCalc was a killer app on the

Apple II

Designed as a specialized computer for word processing. Contained keyboard, monitor, and microprocessor. Stored documents on a centralized server. Popular with businesses into the 1980s.

Wang OIS

Word processing softwares that outperformed WangOIS.

WordStar, WordPerfect

Developed a PC (personal computer) for IBM

William C. Lowe

Wanted to use premade parts to accelerate the process of IBM's PC.

William C. Lowe

IBM PC Parts

Intel 8088 chip, Microsoft BASIC, Microsoft OS

Offered to provide Microsoft OS to IBM despite not yet having it to sell.

Bill Gates

Worked for Seattle Computer Products. Wrote QDOS "quick and dirty operating system"

Tim Paterson

Microsoft purchased QDOS and called it

MS-DOS

Hit the market in 1981 and attracted large sales.

IBM's PC

Smaller screen, 3 1/2 inch floppy disk drive, no expansion slots, 128 kilobytes of memory. Apple Computer.

Macintosh

Portable, non-threatening appearance. Affordable. Apple Computer

Macintosh

Famous commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl. Women disrupts IBM's stifling.

Apple commercial

Communicates between software and a computer's operating system. IBM copyrighted this, so people who used IBM's code could be sued.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

Made a BIOS with the same output as IBM. Sold its own IBM-compatible computers at a lower price than IBM's real PCs.

Compaq

Sold copies of its reverse engineered BIOS.

Phoenix Technologies

Computer companies who reverse engineered IBM's BIOS.

Dell Computer Corporation, Phoenix Technologies, Compaq

Five years after its introduction, over half of PCs were

clones of IBM machines.

At the end of the 1990s,

operating systems were developing rapidly.

Based on timeshared minicomputers and the CP/M operating system (used in business)

Microsoft's software

Not equipped to use a "point and click" GUI style.

MS-DOS

Create a new OS with a GUI, better performance, would have to rewrite existing software applications. Implementing this OS was slow and buggy.

Windows 1.0

Create a GUI to run on top of MS-DOS. Make the computer run slower. Old applications would still be functional. Technically superior, but not very popular.

OS/2

Microsoft and IBM launched this OS in 1987.

OS/2

High acclaimed upon its release in 1990. Similar to Apple's GUI Enhanced Intel 80386 Overlapping windows Multimedia Applications

Windows 3.0

Section 3 Flashcards

(88 cards)