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NASM > Section 3: Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiorespiratory System

A

the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. a system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs and airways.

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2
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels that transport blood to and from the heart and tissues of the body.

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3
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

where the heart and lungs reside.

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

the space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs.

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5
Q

Atrium

A

Atrium: superior chamber of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart. Right atrium fathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body whereas the left atrium gathers oxygenated blood coming to the heart from the lungs.

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6
Q

Pulmonary Side of Heart

A

the right side of the heart receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide and is then pumped into the lungs ot be saturated with oxygen.

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7
Q

Systemic Side of Heart

A

the left side of the heart has received oxygenated blood from the lungs that is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide which it then pumps out to the rest of th ebody.

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8
Q

Ventricle

A

ventricle: inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and the body. the right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and then pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to be saturated with incomign oxygen. the right ventricle has thin walls and pumps under low pressure because it only needs to pump blood a short distance.

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9
Q

Flow of Blood Throught the Heart

A

Lungs - Left Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle - Aora - Body - Superior Vena Cava - Right Atria - Right Ventricle - Left & Right Pulmonary Artieries - Lungs

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10
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

help hold cardiac muscle cells together during contraction and create an electrical connection between the cells, which allows the heart to contract as one functional unit.

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11
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.

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12
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

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13
Q

Stroke Volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

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14
Q

End-Diastolic Volume

A

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.

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15
Q

End-Systolic VOlume

A

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.

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16
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate below 60

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17
Q

Tachycardia

A

heart rate above 100

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18
Q

Cardiac Output

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. about 5 L/min at rest up to 30 L/min during vigorous exercise.

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19
Q

Growth Factors

A

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

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20
Q

Contents of Blood

A

55% Plasma
45% Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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21
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Artieries: Carry blood away from the heart.
Cappillaries: exchange sites of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues
Veins: carry blood back to the heart

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22
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries

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23
Q

Venules

A

Small veins that allow blood to drain from cappillaries into the larger veins

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24
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

the formation of new capillaries

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25
angiogenesis
the formation of new cappillaries from exisitng blood vessels.
26
Venous Pooling
The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.
27
Peripheral Resistance
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.
28
Respiratory System
A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.
29
Respiratory Pump
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration. Bones: sternum, ribs, vertebrae Muscles: diaphragm, external and internal intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectorialis minor, abdominals.
30
Inspiration
The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body. when the intrapulmonary pressure decreases below that of the atmospheric pressues, air is drawn into the lungs. Muscles: Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes (side of neck), sternocleidomastoid (front neck), pectoralis minor.
31
Expiration
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body. Muscles: internal intercostals, abdominals
32
Valsalva Maneuver
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability. Will temporarily increase blood pressure.
33
How does breathing help regulate blood flow back to the heart?
The respiratory pump acts as a mechanism that helps pump blood back to the heart during inspiration; intrathoracic pressure decreases during inspiration, causing a drop in pressure in the right atrium of the heart, and helps improve the circulation of blood back to the heart.
34
Conducting Airways
One of the two respiratory passages. consist of all the structures through which air travels before entering the respiratory airways. The nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynyx, larynx, trachea, and bronchioles provide a gathering station for air and oxygen to be directed into the body.
35
Respiratory Airways
One of the two categories of respiratory passages. collects the channeled air coming from the conducting airways. at the end of the bronchioles sit the alveoli, which are made up of clusters of alveolar sacs. it is here, in the alveolar sacs, that gases such as O2 and CO2 are transported in and out of the bloodstream through a process known as diffusion.
36
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the enviornment to the tissues of the body. occurs in the alveolar sacs.
37
Tachypnea
a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths per minute. too high.
38
Bradypnea
a respiratory rate of less than 8 breaths per minute. too slow.
39
Dyspnea
shortness of breath or labored breathing.
40
What does it look like if a client is overusing secondary respiratory muscles
they will have visible contractions of the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and upper trapezius muscles.
41
Posture and Breathing
Sit with poor posture, making sure your spine is hunched over. While hunched over, take a deep breath in and exhale. Now, repeat this while sitting upright. Notice how much easier it is to breathe while sitting upright. Keep this in mind when working with clients.
42
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.
43
Lipolysis
The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy
44
Endocrine System
he endocrine system is a system that regulates a variety of bodily functions, including the control of mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism. The endocrine system consists of host organs (known as glands), chemical messengers (hormones), and target (receptor) cells. Once a hormone is secreted from a gland, it travels through the bloodstream to target cells designed to receive its message.
45
Glands
Organs that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.
46
Hormone
Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function.
47
Target (receptor) Cell
Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.
48
What are the Primary Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pancreas, Thyroid, Pituitary, Adrenal, Reproductive Glands
49
Hypothalamus
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.
50
Pineal Gland
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.
51
Pancreas
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.
52
Thyroid Gland
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin. Thyroid hormones have been shown to be responsible for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate (BMR), protein synthesis, sensitivity to epinephrine, heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature (Armstrong, 2019). In addition, the thyroid plays a critical role in bone mineral density because it releases an important hormone called calcitonin.
53
Pituitary Gland
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone. It controls the function of many other endocrine glands.
54
Adrenal Gland
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) and cortisol.
55
Reproductive Glands
Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.
56
What Two Hormones Regulate Blood Glucose Levels
Insulin & Glucagon
57
Catecholamines
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.
58
Growth Hormone
An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
59
Catabolic
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.
60
Anabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
61
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
62
Insulin-like Growth Factors
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.
63
Mechano-Growth Factor
A unique characteristic of IGF is that is it also synthesized (made) and stored in muscles and tendons where it is referred to as mechano-growth factor. Mechano-growth factor is a potent anabolic hormones wimilar to IGF. as a result, it is released in response to the overload of a muscle or tendon, which, in part, plays a role in growth, repair,a dn recovery.
64
Basal metabolic Rate
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest
65

NASM (6 decks)

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