Section 3: Hardware Flashcards

Question

# 3.1 - Cables and Adapters - Video Cables Displayport

Answer 1

* Digital information sent in packetized form: Like Ethernet and PCI Express. Carries both audio and video * Compatible with HDMI and DVI: Passive adapter.

Answer 2

* Single and dual link video: Single link; 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps). Dual link; 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps); No audio support * DVI-A: Analog signals * DVI-D: Digital signals * DVI-I: Integrated. Digital and analog in the same connector.

Answer 3

* SATA Revision 1.0: SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, 1 meter * SATA Revision 2.0: SATA 3.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter * SATA Revision 3.0: SATA 6.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter * SATA Revision 3.2: SATA 16 Gbit/s, 1 meter * eSATA (external SATA): Matches the SATA version; 2 meters. * Power is 15 pins * Data is 7 pins * One power cable and data cable per device. one-to-one

Answer 4

* External device connections: Uses the SATA standard * Similar in size to SATA: Connectors are physically different.

Answer 5

* Small Computer Systems Interface: Not really "small" any longer * Originally designed to string many peripherals together onto a single cable/controller. Up to 16 devices in a SCSI "chain" * Many different formats: Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra Wide SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI, Ultra 3 SCSI, Ultra-320 SCSI, Ultra-640 SCSI, ISCSI (SCSI over IP) * Parallel and serial options

Answer 6

* Not just for hard drives: Scanners, tape drivers, CD-ROM drives * Many devices on a single bus: 8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus * Very intelligent interface functionality: Much of the difficult configuration word is done between the SCSI devices. * Industry longevity: Well supported in the enterprise. A standard drive for virtual systems.

Answer 7

* Every SCSI device on a single bus is assigned a separate ID number: SCSI ID 0 (SCSI controller), ID 2 (hard drive), ID (CD-ROM) * Logical units (LUNs) are defined within each SCSI ID: Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine. * The signal at the "end" of a physical SCSI bus is terminated: Can be internal to the device or a separate termination device * Serial attached SCSI (SAS) devices have no jumpers, terminators, or settings.

Answer 8

Used with SCSI

Answer 9

* Move from parallel to serial: Increased throughput. Similar to the move from PATA to SATA * Point-to-point connection: No more daisy chains * No termaination required: The bus has two devices on it * The control and management of SCSI: The speed of a serial connection.

Answer 10

Examples is high-density internal SAS connector

Answer 11

* Parallel AT Attachment, Parallel ATA, ATA: Remember the PC/AT? * An evolutionary process: Circa 1999 * Originally called Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE): A Western Digital invention. 2nd generation called EIDE (Enhance IDE) * The evolution: Provide faster speeds (range 16MB/s - 133 MB/s). Additional devices (CD-ROM drives, etc.) * Now called Parallel ATA (PATA)

Answer 12

* Motherboard connection: 40 wire cable connected to Device 0 and then Device 1. * Motheboard connection: 80 wire cable connected to Device 1 and then Device 0. * 80-wire-cable has twice the number of wires of that of 40-wire cable

Answer 13

* 40-pin * Missing pin * Notch

Answer 14

* PATA cable is a legacy technology larger than SAT cables (more current technology)

Answer 15

* The best laid plans...: Need an adapter * Convert between different connectors: Electrically compatible * Convert from one format to another: You need Ethernet but you only have USB * A good temporary fix: Or a good permanent one

Answer 16

* DVI-D and HDMI are electrically compatible: HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D. No signal conversion required. No loss of video quality

Answer 17

* DVI-A includes analog signals: Backward compatible with VGA. Only 640 x 480 is offically supported * May only need an adapter: Analog to analog * VGA to DVI digital will need a converter: Check your interface specifications.

Answer 18

* Some laptops don't have a wired Ethernet interface: Convert USB to Ethernet

Answer 19

* Merge the new with the old: Use older peripherals

Answer 20

* Connect many devices: High speed USB connectivity

Answer 21

* 6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C): Some cables will wire additional conductors * Telephone or DSL connection

Answer 22

* Registered Jack type 45 * 8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C): Modular connector. Ethernet.

Answer 23

* Cable television: Cable modem. DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification)

Answer 24

* Wire-to-wire patch panel: No intermediate interface required. * Wires are "punched" into the block: Connecting block is on top. * Additional wires punched into connecting block: Patch the top to the bottom.

Answer 25

* Standard A plug * Standard B plug (for printers) * Mini B plug (mobile device) * Micro B plug (mobile device)

Answer 26

* USB 3.0 standard B plug * USB 3.0 standard A plug * USB 3.0 Micro-B plug * USB 3.0 offers faster speeds.

Answer 27

* 24-pin double-sided USB connector: Used for both hosts and devices * Used for USB, Thunderbolt: Interface is the same, signal vary. * elliptical-shaped plug

Answer 28

* 4-pin peripheral power connector: Molex Connector Company. AMP MATE-N-LOK, Provides +12V and +5V * Power for many devices in the computer case: Storage devices, optical drives, Fans, other peripherals

Answer 29

* Apple proprietary: 8-pin digital signals. iPhone, iPad, iPod devices * Some advantages over Micro-USB: Higher power output for phones and tablets. Can be inserted either way.

Answer 30

* D-subminiature or D-sub: The letter refers to the connector size * Commonly used for RS-232: Recommended Standard 232. An industry standard since 1969. * Serial communications standard: Built for modem communication. Usedf for modems, printer, mice, networking. * Now used as a configuration port: Management or Console port * 9 holes

Answer 31

* Also called square connector

Answer 32

* Random Access Memory (RAM) is the most common: But, it's not the only kind of memory * RAM is not referring to hard drive or SSD storage: Don't mix the two terms. Data is stored permanently on the drive. * Data and programs can only be used when moved to RAM.

Answer 33

* Memory types have changed through the years: Driven by standardization and technology * One of the most importanct components of your computer: Speed, speed, speed. * Every motherboard is different: Check your documentation.

Answer 34

* DIMM: Dual inline memory module. Electrical contacts are different on each side. * 64 bit data width.

Answer 35

* Small Outline Dual in-line Memory Module: About half the width as a DIMM * Used in laptops and mobile devices

Answer 36

* The memory on the DIMM * Dynamic: Needs constant refreshing. Without refreshing, the data in memory disappears * Random access: Any storage location can be accessed directly. Unlike magnetic tape.

Answer 37

* Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) * SDRAM is synchronous with the common system clock: Queue up one process while waiting for another. Classic DRAM didn't wait for a clock signal.

Answer 38

DDR, DDR 2, DDR 3, DDR 4 differ in the positon of slots. Similarly, SO-DIMM DDR, SO-DIMM DDR 2, and SO-DIMM DDR3 differs in the position of slots.

Answer 39

* Single Data Rate can transfer once in a single cycle * Double Data Rate can transfer double in a single cycle.

Answer 40

* Twice the data rate of DDR2: Larger chip capacities - Maximum 16 GB per DIMM * No backwards compatibility: Speed brings sacrifice

Answer 41

* Speed increases over DDR3: Faster frequencies. Maximum 64 GB per DIMM * Again, no backwards compatibility.

Answer 42

* Faster data transfers between the memory module and motherboard: Maximum of 64 GB per DIMM * The key has moved: No backwards compatibility

Answer 43

* Different names: Virtual RAM, swap file, etc. * Swap currently unused application data to storage: Free up space for other applications * Managed automatically by the operating system. Some configuration setting available.

Answer 44

* Dual-channel, triple-channel, or quad-channel * Memory combinations should match: Exact mataches are best. * Memory module slots are often colored different.

Answer 45

* Used on critical computer systems: VM servers, database servers, any server * Parity memory: Adds an additional parity bit. Won't always detect an error. Can't correct an error. * Error Correcting Code (ECC): Detects errors and corrects on the fly. Not all systems use ECC. It looks the same as non-ECC memory

Answer 46

* Even parity: The parity bit makes an even number * Valid or error? Even parity byte

Answer 47

* Non-volatile magnetic storage: Rapidly rotating platters * Random-access: Retrieve data from any part of the drive at any time. * Moving parts: Spinning platters, moving actuator arm. Mechanical components limit the access speed. Mechanical components can also break.

Answer 48

* Platter * Spindle * Actuator * Arm * Head * Faster you spin the drive, the faster you'll access data

Answer 49

* 3.5 inch - desktop * 2.5 inch - laptop * M.2 is smallest and found on most new devices

Answer 50

* Non-volatile memory: No moving parts * Very fast performance: No spinning drive delays

Answer 51

SSD has SATA interface

Answer 52

* Shrink the SATA drive into smaller devices: Same data, different form factor. Great for laptops and mobile devices * Smaller than 2.5" SATA drives: No spinning drive. Allows for different form factors. * Was used briefly: Quickly replaced by m.2 standard

Answer 53

* SATA was designed for hard drives: Uses AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface) to move drive data to RAM. SATA revision 3 througput up to 600 MB/s. SSDs need a faster communication method. * NVMe (Non-volatile Memory Express): Designed for SSD speeds. Lower latenecy, supports hight throughput. Take advantage of NVMe with an m.2 interface.

Answer 54

* Smaller form factor: No SATA data or power cables * Can use a PCI Express bus connection: 4 GB/second throughput or faster when using NVMe PCIe x4 * Different connector types: Need to be compatible with the slot key/spacer. B key, M key or B and M key. Some M.2 drives support both.

Answer 55

* M.2 doesn't gurantee NVMe: Your M.2 interface may be using AHCI. Check your documentation * Your motherboard may only support one type of M.2 key. Check the documentation again.

Answer 56

* Flash memory: EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). Non-volatile memory. No power required to retain data. * Limited number of writes: Can still read data * Not designed for archival storage: Easy to lose or damage. Always have a backup

Answer 57

* USB Flash Drive * Secure Digital (SD) * miniSD * microSD * CompactFlash (CF) * xD-Picture card

Answer 58

* Small bumps read with a laser beam: Microscopic binary storage. * Relatively slow: Archival media * Many different formats: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-ray * Internal drives: For these uncommon application installations.

Answer 59

* Hard drives store huge amounts of data: Important data * Hard drives are moving components: They will eventually break * What happen to the data when the drive fails? You can prepare for that. Use an array of drives. * RAID is not backup

Answer 60

* Redudant Array of Independent Disks: They're also inexpensive disks. * Different RAID levels: Some redundant, some not.

Answer 61

* File blocks are split between two or more physical drives * High performance: Data written quickly * No redundancy: A drive failure breaks the array. Raid 0 is zero redundancy

Answer 62

* File blocks are duplicated between two or more physical drives * High disk utilization: Every file is duplicated. Required disk space is doubled. * High redundancy: Drive failure does not affect data availability.

Answer 63

* Files blocks are striped: Along with a parity block. Requires at least three disks. * Efficient use of disk space: Files aren't duplicated, but space is still used for parity * High redundancy: Data is available after drive failure. Parity calculation may affect performance.

Answer 64

* The speed of striping, the redundancy of mirroring * Need at least 4 drives

Answer 65

* Physical size: Case sizing * Basic layout: Room for small changes * Power: Standard connectors * Airflow: Increasingly important * Wikipedia: There are 40 different motherboard types categorized.

Answer 66

* CompTIA exam objectives: "3.4-Given a scenario, install and configure motherboards, central processing unit (CPUs) and add-on cards." * Focus on which motherboard would be the best choice for a scenario: Memorizaing the dimensions of the motherboard probably isn't the most importance thing. ATX or ITX * Which motherboard would you choose? Media center, video editing, thin client, etc.

Answer 67

* Standard-ATX for desktop * Mini-ITX for smaller computers

Answer 68

* Advanced Technology Extended * Standardized by Intel in 1995: Seen many updates over the years * Power: 20-pin connector. 24-pin connector. Additional 4/8-pin connector.

Answer 69

* A series of low-power motherboards: Developed by VIA Technologies in 2001. Small form factor. * Mini-ITX is screw-compatible with ATX. Fits almost any enclosure * Small form factor uses: Single-purpose computing, i.e., streaming media.

Answer 70

* Communication path: A city of technology * Internal PC growth: Independent pathways * System expansion: Additional capabilities

Answer 71

* Peripheral Component Interconnect: Nobody ever call it that. Created in 1994. * Many expansion options: 32-bit and 64-bit bus width. Parallel communication * A common expansion interface on previous computer generations: PCI Express is the newer technology

Answer 72

* Supports 3.3 V and 5 V of power * Has specific key

Answer 73

* Also known as PCIe: Replaces the older PCI standard * Communicates serially: Unidirectional serial "lanes". Slower devices don't slow down everyone * One, two, four, eight, sixteen, or thirty-two full-duplex lines: x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32. "x" is pronounced "by" ("by 4", "by 16")

Answer 74

* PCI Express support two devices A and B that communicates serially.

Answer 75

Has a lock that allows you lock the adapter into place

Answer 76

* Main motherboard power: Provides +3.3V, +/-5V and +/- 12 V * 20-pin connector was originally ATX standard: 24-pin was added for PCI Express power * You can connect a 24-pin connector to a 20-pin motherboard: Some cables are 20-pin + 4-pin

Answer 77

* 4-pin ATX +12 V power: ATX12V Advanced Technology Extended motherboards. * Additional 12 volt power for older motherboards: Used primarily for CPU * May be labeled ATX12V, P4, or CPU: And keyed for the appropriate connector

Answer 78

* SATA connections for hard drives and SSDs

Answer 79

* Allows connection of an external device with the same througput as the internal SATA drive

Answer 80

* A pin header: A simple electrical interface. The connector is attached to the header. * Many different uses: Power, peripheral connections, lights, buttons.

Answer 81

* Hard drive connection * LED connection

Answer 82

* M.2 connector is fastened with a screw to connect to motherboard itself.

Answer 83

* Two solid CPU manufacturers: The differences are subtle * Cost: AMD tends to be a bit less expensive * Different sockets: The motherboard is designed for a particular CPU * Choosing a side: Historically, AMD is value and Intel is performance. This is a dynamic technology segment.

Answer 84

* Multisocket: Supports multiple physical CPU packages. Split the load * Memory slots: Supports 4+ modules * Expansion slots: Many slots and different sizes * Overall size: Designed for a rack-mounted system. Larger ATX-sized system

Answer 85

* Can range from full-size motherboards to compact or monitor-only systems: We can do a lot with increasingly smaller systems * Single CPU: Reduces cost and complexity * Memory slots: Usually two or four * Expansion slots: May have limited options.

Answer 86

* Laptops: Small and light * CPUs: Limited in speed. Therma throttling * Limited system modification: Memory, CPU, functionality * Portability: Smaller devices. Lower power consumption. * System board: Proprietary. Built to fit. Replacement isn't easy. Swap the entire board. Most components are on the system board.

Answer 87

* The software used to start computer: The firmware. System BIOS, ROM BIOS. ROM of flash memory * Initializes CPU and memory: Build the workspace * POST: Power-on-Self-Test * Look for a boot loader: Start the operating system

Answer 88

* The original/ traditional BIOS: It's been around for more than 25 years * Older operating system talked to hardware through the BIOS: Instead of accessing hardware directly * Limited hardware support: No drivers for modern network, video and storage devices.

Answer 89

* Unified Extensible Firmware Interface: Based on Intel's EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) * A defined standard: Implemented by the manufacturers * Designed to replace the legace BIOS: Need a modern BIOS for modern computer. Graphical and text based.

Answer 90

* Launching the system setup: Del, F1, F2, Ctrl-S, Ctrl-Alt-S * Hyper-V (Windows 8/10/11): Turn Windows features on and off * VMware Workstation Player: http://www.vmware.com/products/player/ * But not VirtualBOx: http://www.virtualbox.org * Many simulators online: Search for "UEFI BIOS simulator"

Answer 91

* Windows 8, 10, and 11: Doesn't actually shut down all the way. Starts up so quickly, you can't open the BIOS configuration * From the Windows desktop: Hold down shift when clicking Restart. Settings/ Update & Security/ Recover/ Advanced startup / Restart now. System Configuration (msconfig) * Interrupt normal boot three times: Presents the boot option screen.

Answer 92

* Make a backup of your BIOS configuration: Write detailed notes. Take a picture * Don't make a change unless you're certain of the setting: It's difficult to leave it alone. * Did mention the backup?: It can save a lot time!

Answer 93

* What happens when you power on?: The BIOS knows * Disable hardware: Unavailable to the operating system * Modify the boot order: Which boots first? Move to the next in order. USB drive, SSD, hard drive.

Answer 94

* A security challenge: Very small storage devices. Very large capacities * USB connections: Convenient. High speed. * US Department of Defense banned USB flash media for 15 months in 2008: SillyFDCworm

Answer 95

* Computing power creates hear: A lot of heat * Many different cooling fans: CPU fans, Chassis fans * Motherboards often include an integrated fan controller: And temperature sensors. The motherboard increases and decreases the fan speeds.

Answer 96

* Malicious software can "own" your system: Malicious drivers or OS software * Secure boot: Part of the UEFI specification * Digitally sign known-good software: Cryptographically secure. Software won't run without the proper signature. * Support in many different operating systems: Windows and Linux support

Answer 97

* UEFI BIOS protections: BIOS includes the manufacturer's public key. Digital signature is checked during a BIOS update. BIOS prevents unauthorized writes to the flash. * Secure Boot verifies the bootloader: Checks the OS bootloader's digital signature. Bootloader must be signed with a trusted certificate. Or a manually approved digital signature.

Answer 98

* BIOS Password / User Password: System won't start. Need the password to start the operating system. * Supervisor Password: Restrict BIOS changes. Must use supervisor password to change BIOS configurations. * Remember your password! : Must reset the BIOS to recover.

Answer 99

* Store the BIOS configuration: Your settings * Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS): A type of memory. May be backed up with a battery * Usually flash memory these day: Easily stored and accessed. * Reset with a jumper: Short (connect) two pins on the motherboard

Answer 100

* Not needed for today's flash-based storage: Maintains older BIOS configuartions. May only be used to maintain date/time. * A bad battery will require a BIOS configuration or date/time configuration on every boot. * On older systems, can reset the BIOS configuration by removing the battery: Newer computers use a jumper.

Answer 101

* A specification for cyptographic functions: Hardware to help with encryption functions * Cryptographic processor: Random number generator, key generators * Persisitent memory: Comes with unique keys burned in during production. * Versatile memory: Storage keys, hardware configuration information * Password protected: No dictionary attacks.

Answer 102

* Often used in large environments: Clusters, redundant power * High-end cryptographic hardware: Plug-in card or separate hardware device * Key backup: Secured storage for servers. Lightweight HSMs for personal use (Smart card, USB, flash memory). * Cryptographic accelerators: Offload that CPU overhead from other devices.

Answer 103

* 32-bit vs. 64-bit: Processor specific * 32-bit processors can store 2^32 = 4, 294,967,296 values * 64-bit processors can store 2^64 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 values * 4GB vs 17 million GB * The supported OS has a maximum supported value.

Answer 104

* Hardware drivers are specific to the OS version (32-bit / 64-bit): 32-bit (x86), 64-bit (x64) * 32-bit OS cannote run 64-bit apps: But 64-bit OS can run 32-bit apps * Apps in 64-bit Windows OS: 32-bit apps:\Program Files (x86). 64-bit: \Program Files

Answer 105

* CPU architecture developed by Arm Ltd. : They design the chip, others license and build * Simplified instruction set: Efficient and fast processing. Less power. Less heat * Traditionally used for mobile and IoT devices: The lines are constantly blurring.

Answer 106

* Dual-core / Quad-core/ Octa-core / Multi-core: And more all the time * Multiple cores: Each core has its own cache. The entire chip may have a shared cache.

Answer 107

* Core * Shared L3 cache * Processor Graphics * Memory Controller I/O * System Agent and Memory Controller

Answer 108

* Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT) * One CPU, acts like two * Doesn't actually work as fast as two: 15% to 30% performance improvement * Operating system must be written for HTT: Windows XP and later (any modern OS)

Answer 109

* Run other operating systems within a single hardware platform: Multiple operating systems share physical hardware components. * Virturalization in software was limited: Performance and hardware management challenges * Virtualization added to processor: Hardware is faster and easier to manage. Intel Virtualization Technology (VT). AMD Virtualization (AMD-V)

Answer 110

* Extend the functionality of your computer: You may need more than the motherboard provides * Relatively simple process: Designed for end-user installation * Install hardware: Add a card * Install driver: Software for the operating system

Answer 111

* Output: High-end audio. Advanced headphone amp. Home theater, Dolby decoding * Multiple inputs: Music capture. Podcasting. Microphone.

Answer 112

* Many CPUs include an integrated GPU: Video functionality is built into the CPU package. * Discrete graphics: The GPU is not part of the CPU * Separate interface card: High performance

Answer 113

* Video as an input: Video capture, live streaming, external cameras * High performance; Video bandwidths can be quite high. PCI Express connection

Answer 114

* Ethernet connection: Motherboard may not include a NIC. Onboard NIC may not be working. * Additional connections: Servers, routers, security devices.

Answer 115

* For multiple ethernet connections

Answer 116

* Check the motherboard documentation: Number and type of slots * Check the adapter card documentation: Minimum requirements - Hardware, software. Knowledge base - Any "gotchas?". * You may need to perform a driver installation before installing hardware.

Answer 117

* You checked the documentation first, right? * Check the web for the latest version * Uninstall previous drivers through Window Device Manager * Manufacturer provided setup program * Manual installation through Windows Device Manager * Check the Device Manageer for the status: Does it work?

Answer 118

* Cool air is pulled through a personal computer: Always check for good airflow * Motherboard layout becomes important * Component location is key: Devices, wiring, power * Many different sizes and styles: And volume levels

Answer 119

* Designed to cool an entire adapter card * Can be bulky: May take additional adapter card space * Usually seen on high-end graphic cards

Answer 120

* Standard sizes: 80 mm, 120 mm, 200 mm, etc. * Different speeds: Variable speed * Different noise levels: Not all fans soud the same.

Answer 121

* No fans, no noise: Silent operation * Specialized functions: Video servers, TV set top box, satellite, receiver, media server * Functions are very controlled: Carefully measured thermal tests. * Low power components: Heat sinks

Answer 122

* Dissipae heat through thermal conduction: Copper or aluminum alloy * Fins/grid increase surface area: Heat is then transferred to the cooler air * They get HOT - don't touch them! * Thermal paste creates a good contact between the chip and the heat sink

Answer 123

* Thermal grease, conductive grease: Thermally conductive adhesive * Place between the heat sink and the component: Improves thermal conductivity. Moves the heat away from the component. * A little bit goes a long way: Pea-sized application

Answer 124

* Conduct heat without the mess: Cut to size and install * Easy to use: Won't leak and damage components * Almost as effective as thermal paste: But still very good * Not reusable: Remove and replace

Answer 125

* Coolant is circulated through a computer: Not a new concept. Used in automobiles, mainframe computers * High-end systems * Gaming, graphics * Overclocking

Answer 126

* Always disconnecct from the power source when working on a device: Always. Seriously. * Some devices store a charge in capacitors: Know how to discharge before touching * Never connect your body to any part of an electrical system: Do not connect yoursef to the ground wire of an electrical system. * Respect electricity: It does not respect you.

Answer 127

* Computer uses DC voltage: Most power sources provide AC voltage * Convert 120 V AC or 240 V AC: To 3.3 V DC, 5 V DC, and 12 V DC * You'll know when this isn't working: An important component

Answer 128

* Ampere (amp, A) - The rate of electron flow past a point in one second: The diameter of the hose * Voltage (volt, V) - Electrical "pressure" pushing electrons: How open the faucet is

Answer 129

* Watt (W) - measurement of real power: volts * amps = watts. 120V * 0.5A = 60W

Answer 130

* Alternating current (AC): Direction of current constantly reverses. Distributes electricity efficiently over long distances. Frequency of this cycle is important. US/Canada uses 110 to 120 volts of AC (VAC), 60 hertz (Hz). Europe uses 220 to 240 VAC, 50 Hz * Direct current (DC): Current moves in one direction with a constant voltage.

Answer 131

* Voltage varies by country: US/Canada - 120 volts of AC (VAC), 60 hertz (Hz). Europe - 230 VAC, 50 Hz * Manually switch between 120 V and 230 V: Get your meter! Or use an auto-switching power supply * Don't plug a 120 V power supply into a 230 V power source!

Answer 132

* Different voltages: For different components * Positive and negative voltage: Voltage is a difference in potential. The electrical ground is a common reference point. Depends on where you measure from * At the front door of your house: The second floor is +10 feet. The basement is -10 feet. * +12V: PCIe adapters, hard drive motors, cooling fans, most modern components * +5V: Some motherboards components. Many components are now using +3.3 V. * +3.3 V: M.2 slots, RAM slots, motherboard logic circuits * +5 VSM: Standby voltage * -12 V: Integrated LAN. Older serial ports, Some PCI cards. * -5V: Available for ISA adapter cards. Most cards didn't use it. Today's motherboards don't have ISA slots.

Answer 133

* Main motherboard power: Provides +3.3 V, +/-5, and +/-12 V * 20-pin connector was the original ATX standard: 24-pin was added for PCI Express power * You can connect a 24-pin connector to a 20-pin motherboard: Some cables are 20-pin + 4-pin

Answer 134

* Two (or more) power supplies: Internal to the server * Each power supply can handle 100% of the load: Would normally run at 50% of the load. * Hot-swappable: Replace a faulty power supply without powering down.

Answer 135

* Fixed connectors: Connected to the power supply. May have too many computers. May not have enought. * Modular: Add cables as needed. Fewer leftover wires, better airflow. A bit more expensive.

Answer 136

* Power supplies are rated by watts: Overall and by individual voltages * Bigger isn't necessarily better: More expensive. Doesn't speed up your computer * Physical size is relatively standard: Older cases and systems may have proprietary sizes. * Calculate the watts required for all components: CPU, storage devices, video adapter. Many online calculators * Video adapters are usually the largest power draw: Many video card specifications list a recommended power supply wattage. * 50% capacity is a good rule of thumb: Power supply runs efficiently and there's room to grow.

Answer 137

* Multifunction devices (MFD): Printer. Scanner. Fax (yes, really). Network connection. Phone line connection. Print from web. * There are a lot of things that can go wrong: You're going to fix them

Answer 138

* These can be large devices: Make sure you have enought room. Stay out of walkways. * Check the area: Power. Network. Accessibility.

Answer 139

* Specific to a printer model: Get this exactly right. * Get the right operator system drivers: Windows 10, Windows 11 * Get the right version of the operating system: 32-bit drivers are very different than 64-bit drivers. * You can't mix and match drivers: It's a very specific task.

Answer 140

* PCL (Printer Commond Language): Created by Hewlett-Packard. Commonly used across the industry * PostScript: Created by Adobe Systems. Popular with high end printers * Make sure the drivers match the printer: PCL printer, PCL driver. PostScript printer, PostScript driver.

Answer 141

* USB type B: The most common connector. USB Type B on the printer, USB type A on the computer. * Ethernet: RJ45 connector * May include more than one option

Answer 142

* Bluetooth: Limited range * 802.11 Infrastructure mode: Many devices using an access point * 802.11 Ad hoc mode: No access point. Direct link between wireless devices.

Answer 143

* Printer Share: Printer is connecterd to a computer. The computer shares the printer. Computer needs to be running. * Printer server: Print directly to the printer. Jobs are queued on the printer. Jobs are managed on the printer. Web-based front-end. Other utility.

Answer 144

* Duplex: Save paper. Print on both sides of the page without manually flipping over the paper. Not all printers can do this. * Orientation: Portrait vs Landscape. The doesn't rotate. The printer compensates. * Tray settings: Printers can have multiple trays. Plain paper, letterhead, etc. Choose the correct tray in the print dialog. * Quality: Resolution. Cooler, greyscale, Color saving

Answer 145

* User authentication: Everyone can print. Set rights and permissions. Printing vs. managing the printer * Badging: Authenticate when using the printer. Your job doesn't print until you use your employee badge. Quick and easy. * Audit logs: Cost management. Security monitoring. Event viewer / system events. May be built into the printer or print server. * Secured prints; Printer must support secure printing. Define a passcode. Use the passcode at the printer.

Answer 146

* Different form factors: All-in-one multifunctional device. Standalone flatbed. * May include an ADF: Automatic Document Feeder. Multiple pages.

Answer 147

* Scan to email: Scans are sent to your inbox. Large scans can fill up your mailbox * Scan to folder: Using SMB (Server Message Block). Send to a Microsoft share * Scan to cloud: Cloud storage account. Google drive, Dropbox, etc.

Answer 148

* Combine a laser, high voltage, charged ions, powdered ink, heat and power * Very high quality * Fast printing speeds * Very complex: many moving parts, requires on-printer memory, messy on the inside.

Answer 149

* Image is drawn onto a photosensitive drum: "Painted" with a laser * Picks up toner: Transfers toner to the paper * Can be separated from the toner cartridge: Or combined

Answer 150

* Heat and pressure: Melt plastic toner powder. Permanently bond toner to paper

Answer 151

* Color laser printers: Cyan, yellow, magenta, black * Four separate toner cartridges * Image is transferred from all cartridges to the single belt: And then to a single transfer roller

Answer 152

* Pickup paper: Should be a single page at a time. Problems if no paper is picked up or multiple sheets are picked * Should be periodically cleaned or replaced

Answer 153

* Pull just the top sheet from the paper tray: Not multiple sheets * Small and inexpensive: Easy to clean or replace

Answer 154

* Printers usually print on a single side: Not both sides simultatneously * Printing on both sides is a two-step process: Print side one, print side two * You need mechanism to "flip" the page: Automatically * Can be built-in to the printer: Or available as an add-on

Answer 155

1. Processing 2. Charging 3. Exposing 4. Developing 5. Transferring 6. Fusing 7. Cleaning

Answer 156

* Step 1: Processing - Build the entire page in memory * Step 2: Charging - Prepare the drum with a negative electrostatic charge * Step 3: Exposing - Write the image with the laser * Step 4: Developing - Add negatively-charged toner to the imaging drum * Step 5: Transferring - Move the toner from the drum to the paper * Step 6: Fusing - Heat and pressure * Step 7: Cleaning - Remove excess toner PCE DTF C

Answer 157

* Look for messages: Low doesn't mean empty * The toner can also contain the OPC drum: Organic Photocondutor drum. Sensitive to light; keep it in the bag * Power down the printer: Safety first * Remove packing strips from the new drum: Replace it with the old.

Answer 158

* Laser printers wear out: All those moving parts. Heat and pressure * Standard maintenance kits: Replacement feed rollers, new fuser unit, etc. * When to perform maintenance? Check the printer's page counter * Power down and replace the components: Fuser units are HOT * Reset the page counter when you're done!

Answer 159

* Different toner cartridges print with different densities: Some dark, some light * Laser printer calibration can adjust the density: Makes it look perfect * Can be automated or a manual process: Every printer is different. Check the printer manual.

Answer 160

* Laser printers are dirty: All that toner and paper dust * Check the manufacturer's recommendations: Water, isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Don't use harsh chemicals. * Outside - Damp cloth * Inside - WIpe dust away: Don't use a normal vacuum cleaner or compressed air. Wash toner from skin with cold water. Clean rollers with IPA.