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Growth & Maturation > Section 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 body composition models?

A

Atomic, Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, Whole Body

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2
Q

Atomic level

A

95% - O, N, C, H

4.5% - Na, K, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, S

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3
Q

Molecular level

A

Water, lipids, protein, minerals (small weight of CHO)

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4
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells and extracellular fluids and solids

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5
Q

What is cell mass?

A

intracellular fluids/solids

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6
Q

Tissue level

A

skeletal muscle, organs, bones, adipose, and residual

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7
Q

Whole body level

A

size, shape, physique

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8
Q

Two-component model

A

Body weight = FFM + FM

traditional

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9
Q

What is FFM?

A

water, protein, mineral (anything that is not adipose tissue)

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10
Q

Three-component model

A

Body weight = TBW + FFDM + FM

use today

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11
Q

What is the largest component of weight / can measure?

A

Total body water

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12
Q

What is FFDM?

A

protein, glycogen, bone/soft tissue mineral

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13
Q

Four component model

A

Body weight = TBW + BM + FM + residual

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14
Q

Fat mass has a negative or positive influence on activity/performance?

A

negative

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15
Q

90% non essential lipids

A

triglycerides for energy

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16
Q

10% essential lipids

A

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

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17
Q

Why are the essential lipids important?

A

cell function, inflammatory, mood, behaviour

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18
Q

What does densitometry measure?

A

body density (mass/volume)

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19
Q

What is denser, water or fat?

A

water

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20
Q

What is hydrostatic weighing?

A

weight in air - weight underwater = body density

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21
Q

What does hydrometry measure?

A

Total body water (estimation of FFM)

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22
Q

% water composition in body

A

55-65%

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23
Q

What method uses an isotope tracer of a known amount and calculated the known volume/mass?

A

Isotope Dilution Method (measures TBW)

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24
Q

What does measuring the potassium concentration estimate?

A

FFM

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25
DEXA
measures bone mineral/fat-free soft tissue
26
Low radiation exposure method
DEXA
27
What does BIA measure? (bioelectrical impedance analysis)
measurement of the body's impedance to the flow of an electrical current from source to sink electrodes (ankle to wrist)
28
Low impedance
FFM
29
High impedance
FM
30
How to calculate FM
FM= BW-FFM
31
Does body density increase or decrease in boys age 8/10?
decrease
32
What happens to body density for boys at ages 16/17?
Linear increase
33
What happens to girls body density at ages 8/11?
decreases
34
True or false: | At age 14, body density for girls slightly increases then plateaus
true
35
Do girls have a higher body fat percentage than boys?
yes
36
During adolescence, which gender has the higher spurt in TBW?
boys
37
What are the two components of body composition?
FM and FFM
38
What is absolute fat mass
kg
39
Who has higher fat mass after age 8?
girls
40
What is relative fat mass
%
41
True or false: | Boys have a greater % body fat than girls
false
42
Describe apidogenesis
Adiphoblasts-----> preadipocytes-------> very small adipocytes----> mature adipocytes
43
Adipose cells
- clustered in fat droplets - many cells supported by collagen - abundant network of neural connection and blood vessels
44
Blood bourne hormones/homeostasis
endocrine
45
Effect local (adjacent cells)
paracrine
46
Effect secreting cell
autocrine
47
What important molecules do adipose cells secrete?
Lipoprotein lipase (enzyme), leptin (hormone), IGF-1, PAI-1, angiotensinogen
48
Function of lipoprotein lipase
- regulation of lipid storage into adipose cells | - hydrolyzes fatty acids for storage
49
- primary release from subcutaneous adipocytes | - regulation of energy intake/expenditure, glucose/lipid metabolism, puberty, reproductive function, angiogenesis
leptin hormone
50
Which secretory molecule promotes growth?
Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
51
Having a high PAI-1 contributes to what?
higher blood clotting and obesity
52
What is the role of angiotensinogen?
blood pressure regulation
53
Does a white adipose cell have a large vacuole?
yes
54
White or brown adipose cell? | - numerous lipid droplets
brown adipose cell
55
Which adipose cell is larger?
white
56
Which adipose cell do we have more in the body?
white
57
Which adipose tissue: - primarily triglyceride - well innervated/vascular - insulation of internal organs - subcutaneous - can be measured using skin folds
white
58
How many adipocytes does a newborn have?
5 billion adipocytes (white adipose tissue) | - 0.5 kg
59
White adipose tissue postnatally
- 30 to 50 billion in non-obese young adult - grow in size - 10 kg (males) to 14 kg (females)
60
Describe hyperplasia growth in white adipose tissue
increases (doubles) during puberty
61
Describe hypertrophy in white adipose tissue
- 2 to 3 fold increase in first postnatal year - no significant increase throughout childhood - small increase during puberty
62
True or false: | Breastfed babies are less likely to become obese children
true
63
Which adipose tissue? | - generation of heat (non-shivering thermogenesis)
brown
64
Is lipoprotein lipase autocrine or endocrine?
autocrine
65
Is IGF-1 autocrine or endocrine?
endocrine
66
True or false: | Extremity fat > trunk fat
true

Growth & Maturation (5 decks)

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