Section 6.1 & 6.2 psychological influences on the individual

Question 1

What are the features of trait theory?

Answer 1

An individual is born with innate characteristics, that are stable and stay the same in different situations

Question 2

Why does trait theory attempt to predict behaviour?

Answer 2

If sports people are going to behave in the same way, we except and predict that behaviour most of the time

Question 3

What is the definition of an extrovert?

Answer 3

Have a loud and bright personality

Question 4

What are the problems with trait theory?

Answer 4

Does not take into account personality change, as personality can be formed from experiences

Question 5

What is the social learning theory?

Answer 5

Suggest that behaviour is learned from significant others by socialisation

Question 6

What does trait theory suggest?

Answer 6

Suggests that innate characteristics produce consistent behaviour

Question 7

How can behaviours be reinforced and copied in the social learning theory?

Answer 7

If the behaviour being shown is successful and is consistently shown to the performer or loud and bright

Question 8

What is the interactionist perspective?

Answer 8

A theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviour in a specific situation

Question 9

What is the psychologist Lewin’s approach to personality?

Answer 9

He suggests that the traits with are adapted and used according to the situation

Question 10

What is Lewin’s formula?

Answer 10

B=f(P*E), where behviour is the function of personality and environment

Question 11

How does Lewin’s formula help coaches predict how a player will react?

Answer 11

Since inherent, consistent traits can be adapted to the situation, a typical response will be produced

Question 12

What is Hollander’s approach to the interactionist theory?

Answer 12

Personality is made up of three features: the core of the performer, the typical responses and role-related behaviour

Question 13

What does the core represent?

Answer 13

The underlying values and beliefs of the performer, which are not likely to change

Question 14

What do the typical responses represent?

Answer 14

the usual responses a performer would make in given situation

Question 15

What does role-related behaviour represent?

Answer 15

Suggests that the performer may adapt to a very specific role when the situation demands it

Question 16

How does knowledge of the interactionist perspective improve performance?

Answer 16

Coach could predict any potential inacceptable behaviour / Create similar situation to those that drop performance in training / encourage players to adapt to specific circumstances

Question 17

What is the definition for attitude?

Answer 17

An opinion about what your think about an attitude object

Question 18

How are attitudes formed?

Answer 18

Through socialisation, picking up on opinions and values of others

Question 19

How is attitude more likely to be learned?

Answer 19

If the behaviour learned and copied is from a significant other, which is reinforced or repeated multiple times

Question 20

What is the triadic model?

Answer 20

Makes up the three parts of attitude: cognitive, affective and behavioural

Question 21

What is cognitive component of the triadic model?

Answer 21

The most deep-rooted part of attitude, which represents a belief

Question 22

What is the affective part of the triadic model?

Answer 22

Concerns the feelings and emotions of the performer and how they are interpreted

Question 23

What is the behavioural part of the triadic model?

Answer 23

The actions of the performer, shown by the actions and the habits of the performer

Question 24

What are the two concepts to change negative attitude?

Answer 24

Cognitive dissonance and persuasive communication

Question 25

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 25

New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivation change

Question 26

How is the method of cognitive dissonance used?

Answer 26

By putting pressure on one or more of the attitude components, causing a lack of harmony

Question 27

What is persuasive communication

Answer 27

An effective form of communication to promote change

Question 28

What components are needed to make persuasive communication effective?

Answer 28

Message needs to be relevant and understood / respected significant other / timing/ environment

Question 29

Why might a positive attitude not always be possible?

Answer 29

due to the performers personality and mood state

Question 30

What is arousal?

Answer 30

A level of activation, an energised state of readiness to performer

Question 31

What can cause an increase in arousal?

Answer 31

level of competition /audience and frustrating circumstances

Question 32

What is the drive theory?

Answer 32

As arousal increases so does performance, because it is likely that more effort is put into the performance

Question 33

What is the formula for drive theory?

Answer 33

performance is the function of drive multiplied by habit (P=f(D*H))

Question 34

What is a performers dominant response?

Answer 34

The stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct

Question 35

What are negatives of the drive theory?

Answer 35

Doesn't account for: beginners introverts elite performers deteriorating under pressure

Question 36

What is the inverted U theory?

Answer 36

States that as arousal increase so does performance quality, up to an optimum point at moderate arousal

Question 37

When does optimum performance occur at a lower level of arousal?

Answer 37

Novice/beginners fine skills complex skills introverts

Question 38

When does optimum performance occur at high levels of arousal?

Answer 38

Advanced/autonomous gross skills simple skills extroverts

Question 39

What is the definition of an introvert?

Answer 39

A performer who is reserved and avoids social situations

Question 40

What is the catastrophe theory in arousal?

Answer 40

States that there will be a sudden drop in performance once optimal arousal has been exceeded

Question 41

What causes the sudden drop in performance in the catastrophe theory?

Answer 41

A combination of high cognitive anxiety and high somatic anxiety

Question 42

How can the effects of catastrophe theory be reversed?

Answer 42

Through the use of relaxation techniques e.g. deep breathing exercises or progressive muscle relaxation

Question 43

What is the theory of Hanin's zone of optimum functioning?

Answer 43

Suggests that optimal performance is achieved in a band or zone, not at a single point

Question 44

What is the 'zone'?

Answer 44

A mental state that performers normally only experience once or twice in their sporting career

Question 45

What is peak flow?

Answer 45

The ultimate positive psychological state for a performer to reach

Question 46

What happens to a performer when they have reached peak flow?

Answer 46

-Level of challenge matches skill level -clear goal -correct attentional style -positive attitude before and during performance -control over their arousal levels

Question 47

What is anxiety?

Answer 47

A performers perception that their ability is not good enough

Question 48

What is cognitive anxiety and give example?

Answer 48

mental symptoms of anxiety e.g. worrying/ irrational thoughts/ confusion/ learned helplessness

Question 49

What is somatic anxiety and give examples?

Answer 49

physiological symptoms of anxiety e.g. increased heart rate/ blood pressure/ increased sweat levels/ muscular tension

Question 50

What is cognitive trait anxiety?

Answer 50

The performer has a natural tendency to become anxious in all sporting scenarios

Question 51

What causes anxiety?

Answer 51

Task importance Fear of failing Perceived inaccuracy of officials decision Being fouled Injury Lack of self-confidence/efficacy Audience Evaluation apprehension

Question 51

What is cognitive state anxiety?

Answer 51

The performer is only anxious in specific sporting situations and often high pressure moments

Question 52

What is evaluation apprehension?

Answer 52

Anxiety felt by a performer due to feelings that they are being judged or appraised by others

Question 53

What are the ways of measuring anxiety? Give positives and negatives

Answer 53

Questionnaires Observation Physiological measure look at book!!

Question 54

What is aggression?

Answer 54

An emotional response to a situation which there is an intent to harm outside the rules of the game

Question 55

What is assertion?

Answer 55

When a performer plays hard, within the rules of the game with no intention to cause harm

Question 56

What are the causes of aggression?

Answer 56

Playing badly Feeling teammates aren't trying Disagreement with officials decision Provocation by crowd/opponent Game importance Local derby Religious/cultural reasons Contact sport (excepted) Naturally aggressive person Social learning Over-arousal

Question 57

What are cognitive techniques to control aggression?

Answer 57

Mental rehearsal Imagery Visualisation selective attention Negative thought-stopping Positive self-talk

Question 58

What are somatic techniques to control aggression?

Answer 58

Relaxation techniques Deep breathing Biofeedback Counting to ten Walking away Mantra Channeling aggressive feelings into playing hard

Question 59

What can the coach do to control aggression levels?

Answer 59

praise non-aggressive acts Highlight non-aggressive role models Punish aggression Peer pressure - remind aggression is unacceptable Set process and performance goals Ensure own behaviour is not aggressive Give responsibility Performer understands their specific role