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COURSES NETWORK+ > SECTION 7 : IP ADDRESSING > Flashcards

SECTION 7 : IP ADDRESSING Flashcards

1
Q

What is an IP address ?

A

Assigned numerical lable used to identify internet communicating devices on a computer network. Layer 3.

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2
Q

General difference between L2 and L3

A

Two devices that are internal to own networks or LAN ==> layer 2

Two different networks or event two different subnets ==> layer 3

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3
Q

How is an IP address decomposed ?

A

Four octets of 8 binary digits (bits) that cannot exceed 255.

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4
Q

What are the two portions of an IP address ?

A

The first three octets are the network bits that represent the network.

While the last octet is the host (which could be any other network device).

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5
Q

What are the five classes of IPv4 addresses ?

A

A –> first octet 1-127 > 1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255

B –> first octet 128 - 191> 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0

C –> first octet 192 - 223 > 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0

D ==> multicasting I no default subnet mask > 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

E ==> no default subnet mask I experimental use only > 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

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6
Q

What is a classful mask ?

A

It is the default subnet mask for a given class or IP addresses. Not always the best one for us to use. For example for a Class A the default is 255.0.0.0 but it offers 16.7 million. So it’s not useful to use this subnet mask.

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7
Q

What is classless inter-domain routing ?

A

Allows for the borrowing some of those host bits and reassigning them to the network portion.
We can cut down the size of networks with less host.

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8
Q

What is subnetting ?

A

Allows for the use of a classless subnet mask to create smaller networks with fewer hosts in each network. Also known as Classless Interdomain Routing notation (CIDR notation).

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9
Q

What does the default gateway do ?

A

It gives devices IP addresses and gives information about external IP addresses.

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10
Q

What are private IP addresses ?

A

Can be used by anyone at anytime but only within their own LAN. Private IP ranges include those that start with either 10, 172 or 192.

RFC 1918 is used to conduct address allocation for private internets.

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11
Q

How does a private IP connect to the internet since it’s not routable.

A

Thanks to NAT. Allows for routing a private IP through a public IP.

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12
Q

What are the private IP addresses detailed in RFC 1918?

A

Class A —> 10 as a starting value : 16,7 million

Class B —> 172.16 - 172.31 : 1.05 million

Class C —> 192.168 : 65 536

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13
Q

What is the loop back address ?

A

Assigned at 127.0.0.1.

Creates a loop back to the host and is often used in troubleshooting and testing network protocols on a system. Anything which starts with 127 is considered a loop back.

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14
Q

What is automatic private IP addresses ? (APIPA)

A

Used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server. Assigned by OS dynamically.
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255.
It means something is wrong with the DHCP process (Discover, Offer, Requesr, Acnowledge).

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15
Q

What are virtual IP address ?

A

An IP address that does not correlate to an actual physical network interface. For virtualization, fault tolerance or NAT.

You can configure the NIC to respond to numerous IP addresses. Routers use to provide redundancy in their connectivity options.

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16
Q

What are du interfaces ?

A

A virtual interface that is created by dividing up one physical interface into multiple logical interfaces.

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17
Q

What are the three types of data flows when it comes to IPv4 data flows ?

A

Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast

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18
Q

What is unicast ?

A

Data travels from a single source device to a single destination.
Example: message to a server that send to PC1 or from the server to PC2.

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19
Q

What is multicast ?

A

Data travels from a signal source device to multiple but specific destination devices.
Example: I can send just a single message directed to a multicast group. The switch determines whose part of the multicast group. I don’t have to repeat the message twice.

20
Q

What is broadcast ?

A

Data travels from a single source device to all devices on a destination network.
Example: the server sends it to anyone connected to the switch. With broadcast everybody will get it.

21
Q

What is static assignment ?

A

Manually typing the IP address for the host, it’s subnet mask default gateway and DNS server.
It’s prone to error. If you mistype one it might be an error. Impractical on large enterprise networks.

22
Q

What is dynamic assignment ?

A

Dynamic allocation of IP addresses. When we bring a new smartphone into home wifi, the network DHCP did it. Most Small office network devices already run a DHCP server and is turned on by default.

23
Q

What are the four components of IP assigning ?

A

IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
Server address

24
Q

What is DNS ?

A

Concerts the domain names used by a website to the IP address of its server.

25
Q

What is WINS ?

A

Windows internet Name Service

Identifies NetBIOS systems on a TCP/IP network and convert those NetBIOS names to IP addresses. It’s like DNS but works within a windows Domain environment.

26
Q

What are the four dynamic protocol to assign IPs?

A

BOOTP
DHCP
APIPA
ZeroConfig

27
Q

What is BOOTP ?

A

Bootstrap protocol : dynamically assigns IP addresses and allows a work station to load a copy of their boot image over the network.

28
Q

DHCP ?

A

Assigns an IP based on an assignable scope or pool of addresses and provides the ability to configure numerous other options within it. For instance we can tell DHCP to assign address between 192.168.1.100 to 192..168.1.200.

Each IP is leased for a period of time and returns to the pool when lease expires. The Client and DHCP server will constantly communicate to determine which IPs are not needed.

The IP address management manages the IPs being assigned and returned over time. We can look at the logs to know which client was using the IP.

It gives the client an IP, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS/WINS server.

29
Q

What is APIPA ?

A

Used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server. Automatic Private IP addressing. It is a self assigned address. Selected by default on Windows.
Allows for the quick configuration of a LAN without the need for a DHCP server. No default gateway. It can’t communicate outside the LAN or with non-APIPA devices. It can’t pass the router.

30
Q

What is ZeroXConf ?

A

Newer tech based on APIPA which provides a lot of the same features and new ones.
Adding an IPv4 local address to a client. But this Client can resolve computer names to IP addresses without dns thanks to mDNS (multicast domain name service).

31
Q

How to convert from decimal to binary?

A

Let’s do 167 for instance
You imagine an eight colons table :
128 - 63 - 32 - 16 - 8 - 4 - 2 - 1
10100111

32
Q

What is the definition of subletting ?

A

Taking a large network and splitting it up into smaller networks. Subnet masks modify subnets and create better scopes networks. Efficient use of IP addresses.

33
Q

How to determine the number of subnet ?

A
  1. Knowing the class of the IP
  2. Analyzing the subnet mask in accordance. If it’s a class C, the subnetmask will be /24.
  3. If it’s a class C If the subnetmask is >to 24 check the number of 1 in the host portion.
  4. The number of subnet is 2^number of 1 is the host portion.
34
Q

How to determine the number of valid hosts ?

A
  1. Take the number of 0 in the host portion of the subnet mask
  2. The host portion depends on the class of IP
  3. Apply the formula (2^number of 0 in the host portion) -2
  4. The -2 is because there is the number of the address and the broadcast address
35
Q

How many adresses are available with IPv4?

A

2^32 —> 4.2 billion addresses
But it’s not usable
Address exhaustion
In 2019 the RIPE NCC has run out of IPv4 adresses

36
Q

How many addresses offer IPv6?

A

2^128 ==> 340 undecillion addresses

37
Q

What are the advantages of IPv6?

A
  • Larger adress space
  • No broadcasts
  • No fragmentation (increase process power)
  • can coexist with IPv4
  • simplified header (so more efficient)
38
Q

How are names équipements that can run both V4 and v 6 ?

A

Dual stack —> running both

39
Q

What is tunneling when it comes to IPv4 and 6?

A

Allows an existing IPv4 router to carry IPv6 traffic.

40
Q

How is composed an IPV6 adress ?

A

32 hexadecimal digits and each hexadecimal is worth 4 bits —> 128 bits
Separated by colons

41
Q

Explain the short hand of IPv6?

A

If four hexadecimal digits are 0 they can be replaced by one 0.

Then if more or two 0 are following, we can simply use two colons.

In any case no IPv6 address can include two hexadecimal digits separated by two others. (MAC Address)

42
Q

What do we call segments in IPv6 address ?

A

Four hexadecimal digits

43
Q

What are the three different address type of IPv6 ?

A
  • unicast
  • multicast
44
Q

What is SLAAC ?

A

Eliminates the need to obtain addresses or other configuration information from a central server.
In IPv6 there is an auto configuration process called SLAAC.
It used the Extended Unique Identifier allows a host to assign itself a unique 64-bit IPv6 interface identifier called a EUI 64. It uses the the MAC address and adds four bits between the two parts of the MAC address.

45
Q

Explain unicast IPv6 address

A
  • unicast : used to identify a single interface. Two types : globally-routed and link-local. GR starts with 2000-3999. Similar to IPv4’s unicast class A, B, C
    Link local —> used like a private IP in v4 and begins with FE80. Can only be used on the LAN.

Two copies of the same messages to different destination

46
Q

Explain multicast address in IPv6

A

Used to identify a set of interfaces and begins with FF.

The switch distributes additional copies of the message to the members of the multicast group.

47
Q

Explain any cast address

A

Used to identify a set of interfaces so that a packet can be sent to any member of a set

Data travels from a single source device to the device neared to multiple but specific destination devices.

COURSES NETWORK+ (7 decks)

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