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Biology > Section A & B > Flashcards

Section A & B Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of body mass do carbohydrates make up?

A

2-3% of body mass

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2
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

To provide chemical energy for metabolic function

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The simplest unit of a carbohydrate - a single sugar unit that acts as the monomer of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Name three common monosaccharides

A

A: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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5
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

: A simple sugar composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

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6
Q

What breaks down sucrose in digestion?

A

The enzyme sucrase

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7
Q

What breaks down lactose in digestion?

A

The enzyme lactase

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8
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A homopolysaccharide used to store energy in humans and animals in liver and muscle cells

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9
Q

What triggers glycogenolysis?

A

Low blood glucose levels

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10
Q

What is cellulose

A

A: Most abundant polysaccharide, from plants stems and stalks; not digestible by humans

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11
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar organic solvents

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12
Q

What are the main elements in lipids?

A

A: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)

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13
Q

What are the basic monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A

Maintains homeostasis of cell membrane fluidity in varying temperatures

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15
Q

What forms the bilayer of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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16
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with only single carbon-carbon bonds

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17
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond

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18
Q

How many carbons are in a short-chain fatty acid?

A

4-6 carbons

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19
Q

Where are medium-chain fatty acids typically found

A

In coconut and milk

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20
Q

What is saponification?

A

A hydrolysis reaction in basic solution producing soap and alcohol

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21
Q

What is metabolism

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A

Sum total of all biochemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic) in the body

22
Q

What is anabolism?

Study These Flashcards
A

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones (e.g., polysaccharides from monosaccharides)

23
Q

What is catabolism?

Study These Flashcards
A

Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones (e.g., hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides)

24
Q

Name two types of metabolic pathways.

Study These Flashcards
A

Linear metabolic pathways and cyclic metabolic pathways

25
What are the four stages of biochemical energy production?
Digestion, acetyl group formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
26
What is glycolysis
A 10-step process in cytosol breaking down glucose to pyruvate
27
How many ATP molecules does glycolysis consume?
2 ATP molecules
28
How many ATP molecules does glycolysis produce?
4 ATP molecules
29
What happens in Step 1 of glycolysis?
Glucose is phosphorylated to become glucose-6-phosphate
30
What enzyme catalyzes Step 1 of glycolysis?
Hexokinase
31
What is the CAC?
Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) - oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2
32
Where does the CAC occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
33
What vitamins are required for CAC function?
A: B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid)
34
What is the ETC?
A: Electron transport chain - series of reactions where electrons pass through complexes to produce ATP
35
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC
Oxygen
36
What is competitive inhibition?
Temporarily binds to active site without reaction, decreasing activity
37
P
P
38
What is irreversible inhibition?
Permanently binds to active site blocking it
39
What is feedback inhibition?
When pathway product inhibits first enzyme in pathway
40
What is intrinsic regulation?
: Direct response to changes in substrate or product levels
41
What is FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide - involved in redox reactions
42
What is NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - involved in redox reactions
43
What is CoA?
Coenzyme A - transfers acetyl groups in metabolic pathways
44
What forms NADH
gains a hydrogen and electrons during reduction
45
What forms FADH2?
FAD gains two hydrogens during reduction
46
What hormone stimulates glycolysis?
Insulin
47
What hormone inhibits glycolysis?
Glucagon
48
What triggers insulin release?
High blood glucose levels
49
What triggers glucagon release?
Low blood glucose levels
50
What does insulin promote in fed state?
Glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and lipogenesis

Biology (4 decks)

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