Section A & B Flashcards
(50 cards)
What percentage of body mass do carbohydrates make up?
2-3% of body mass
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To provide chemical energy for metabolic function
What is a monosaccharide?
The simplest unit of a carbohydrate - a single sugar unit that acts as the monomer of carbohydrates
Name three common monosaccharides
A: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What is a disaccharide?
: A simple sugar composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond
What breaks down sucrose in digestion?
The enzyme sucrase
What breaks down lactose in digestion?
The enzyme lactase
What is glycogen?
A homopolysaccharide used to store energy in humans and animals in liver and muscle cells
What triggers glycogenolysis?
Low blood glucose levels
What is cellulose
A: Most abundant polysaccharide, from plants stems and stalks; not digestible by humans
What are lipids?
Organic compounds insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar organic solvents
What are the main elements in lipids?
A: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
What are the basic monomers of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Maintains homeostasis of cell membrane fluidity in varying temperatures
What forms the bilayer of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with only single carbon-carbon bonds
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond
How many carbons are in a short-chain fatty acid?
4-6 carbons
Where are medium-chain fatty acids typically found
In coconut and milk
What is saponification?
A hydrolysis reaction in basic solution producing soap and alcohol
What is metabolism
Sum total of all biochemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic) in the body
What is anabolism?
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones (e.g., polysaccharides from monosaccharides)
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones (e.g., hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides)
Name two types of metabolic pathways.
Linear metabolic pathways and cyclic metabolic pathways