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Geography > Section A- The Challenge Of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Section A- The Challenge Of Natural Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of natural hazard?

A

an extreme event that occurs naturally and causes harm to humans

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2
Q

name some natural hazards

A

heat waves
earthquake
hurricaines
heavy snow

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3
Q

how does geographical location affect hazard risk?

A

position of countries means more are at bigger risk than others
e.g phillipines is prone to natural hazards

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4
Q

how does population density and distribution affect hazard risk?

A

fewer people living in an area means lower death rate

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5
Q

how does time affect hazard risk?

A

if you are asleep less likely to hear a warning or know about it

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6
Q

how does natural factors affect hazard risk?

A

e.g low lying areas are more likely to flood

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7
Q

how does frequency affect hazard risk?

A

people will be more prepared if they are occur more often

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8
Q

how does magnitude affect hazard risk?

A

larger events have more potential for injury and death

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9
Q

how does education affect hazard risk?

A

don’t know how to deal with the hazard as well

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10
Q

how does wealth affect hazard risk?

A

richer countries more economically developed have better resources to predict prepare and protect

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11
Q

define plate tectonics

A

a theory in geology that the lithosphere of the earth is divided into plates which travel independently over the mantle
seismic activity occurs at the boundaries of these plates.

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12
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

when an oceanic and continental plate move together
oceanic plate moves under continental
ocean trenches found here + himalayas

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13
Q

what is a constructive plate margin?

A

plates move apart
volcanoes are formed
mid atlantic ridge

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14
Q

what happens at a conservative plate margin?

A

plates slide past each other
create an earthquake
e.g= The San Andreas Fault

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15
Q

what happens at a collision zone?

A

two continental plates collide

form fold mountains- himalayas

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16
Q

primary effects of Christchurch earthquake

A 
185 dead
2,000 injured 
water and sewage pipes damaged 
50% of city buildings severely damaged 
80% of the city without electricity
liqueafaction (ground saturated and loses strength)
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17
Q

secondary effects of Christchurch earthquake

A

Business out of action-loss of jobs+income
schools shared classrooms
mentally effected
road damage hard for services to move around
couldn’t host rugby

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18
Q

short term responses of Christchurch earthquake

A 
ensuring people were away from buildings
chemical toilets provided for 30,000
areas were zoned to classify cost repairs 
international aid $6.7 mill 
aid workers
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19
Q

Long term responses of Christchurch earthquake

A

$898 mill building claims
temporary housing- ensured all damaged houses were water tight
water and sewage restored
80% of roads and 50% of footpaths repaired

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20
Q

when was the Christchurch earthquake?

A

22nd Feb 2011

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21
Q

primary effects of Nepal earthquake

A

8,000 dead
14,500 injured
buildings collapsed
dharahara tower demolished

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22
Q

why do people still live in areas of hazard risk?

A 
volcanoes:
minrals 
attract tourists
fertile soil 
geothermal energy 
storms;(the coast)
good climate 
fishing
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23
Q

how can monitoring a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

You can see how much prep you need to do and what action may have to be taken

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24
Q

How can predicting a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

people are aware and can prepare

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25
Q

how can preparing for a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

move away from dangerous areas no injuries

collect valuables

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26
Q

how can protecting for a natural hazard reduce its risk?

A

double glazing
foundation sunk into the ground so building doesn’t fall over
rubber shock absorbers to absorb earth tremors

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27
Q

what is global circulation?

A

The global circulation can be described as the world-wide system of winds by which the necessary transport of heat from tropical to polar latitudes is accomplished.

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28
Q

when does high pressure occur?

A

when air is sinking

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29
Q

when does low pressure occur?

A

when air is rising

30
Q

describe the global distribution of tropical storms

A

uneven
all located close to or around the equator
typhoons and cyclones pacific and indian ocean
hurricaines atlantic ocean

31
Q

how do tropical storms form?

A

1) air draws water vapour from warm ocean surface
2) evap air cools as rises and condenses forming clouds
3) condensing air releases energy- powers storm and draws up water
4) small storms combine to form a big one
5) storm carried across ocean gaining strenght
6) slows down as hits land-friction

32
Q

how does the formation of tropical storms explain their location?

A

they need warm water to develop. war, water is located near equator so makes sense countries around equator are affected

33
Q

describe the structure of a tropical storm

A 
outflow cirrus shield at top
warm rising air one side 
cool falling air on the other
rain bands 
eye wall- eye in middle 
symmetrical shape
34
Q

how does climate change affect tropical storms

A

warmer water in more parts of world mean they happen in more places and more frequently
strength of storm would increase

35
Q

Primary effects to Typhoon Haiyan

A 
6500 killed 
90% Tacloban was destroyed 
600,000 displaced 
40,000 homes destroyed 
30,000 fishing boats destroyed 
power lines bought down
36
Q

secondary effects of typhoon haiyan

A 
14 mill affected 
6 mill lost source of income 
flooding caused landslides 
no electricity over a month
jobs lost 
shortages of food,water,shelter
37
Q

immediate responses to typhoon haiyan

A

aid agencies gave food,water, temporary shelter
us aircraft took part in search mission
uk government sent shelter kit

38
Q

long term responses to typhoon haiyan

A

oxfam supported the replacement of fishing boats
people paid to help clear debris from tacloban
and rebuild it

39
Q

what weather hazards are expeirenced in the uk?

A 
thunderstorms
heavy snow fall 
strong winds 
prolonged rainfall 
drought
40
Q

give an example of a recent extreme weather hazard in the uk

A

britains blizzard 2011

41
Q

what is the observational evidence for climate change?

A

weather records
indirectly show different conditions from past
date back to 1861

42
Q

what is the physical evidence for climate change

A

ice cores
drill into masses of ice to extract cores- size of them
sea level change

43
Q

what is the biological evidence for climate change?

A

tree rings
when tree grow they form a new ring
rings indicate age and climate
thicker the ring warmer and wetter conditions

44
Q

how is orbital change a physical cause of climate change?

A

when earth orbits sun distance between varies

when earth closer to sun climate becomes warmer

45
Q

how is solar output a physical cause of climate change?

A

suns output is not constant

sun spot activity varies resulting in cooler periods and warmer periods

46
Q

how is volcanic activity a physical cause of climate change?

A

long period of volcanic activity results in global cooling due to dust particles and gases being released

47
Q

how are fossil fuels a human cause of climate change

A

produces 21.3 billion tonnes of CO2 a year atmospheric concentration gone up by 13%
car exhausts release a range of pollutants as well as greenhouse gases

48
Q

how is agriculture a human cause of climate change?

A

artificial fertilisers generate greenhouse gases

rice paddy fields release large amounts of methane

49
Q

how is deforestation a human cause of climate change?

A

forest vegetation contains trapped greenhosue gas
forests up to 100x more effective at absorbing CO2
forests are burnt releasing trapped gas

50
Q

economic effects of climate change

A

lower crop yeilds

damage to infrastructure

51
Q

social effects of climate change

A

heat-related illness and disease

52
Q

environmental impacts of climate change

A

wildlife at risk as ecosystems change

rising sea levels

53
Q

what is carbon capture?

A

capturing and burning CO2 to avoid it entering atmosphere

54
Q

how does carbon capture reduce climate changes

A

the CO2 captured gets pumped into rocks underground how not very effective

55
Q

what are the types of alternative energy?

A

nuckear power
tidal power
hydro electric
solar

56
Q

how does alternative energy help reduce climate change?

A

releases no CO2 during energy production

57
Q

What is Afforestation?

A

planting trees

58
Q

how does afforestation reduce climate change?

A

absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and store it within their organic matter

59
Q

how do international agreements reduce climate change?

A

get strict emission targets

60
Q

when was the Nepal earthquake?

A

25th April 2015

61
Q

secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake

A 
2.8 mill homeless
landslides
1.1 mill children deprived of a childhood
lack of sanitation
no education or transport
62
Q

short term responses to Nepal earthquake

A

90% Napalese army sent out
15,000 temporary learning centres built
international aid agencies evacuating critically injured

63
Q

long term responses to Nepal earthquake

A

unicef distibuted tents and purification tablets
building codes implemented
katmandu earthquake risk management set up to educate people

64
Q

what caused the blizzard in the uk in 2011?

A

southerly jet stream- cold air came fro, russia and sweden in late november

65
Q

give some details about Britians Blizzard

A

started on 25th of november
easterly winds bring snow
ne england + scotland up to 50cm snow
quietened down early december picked back up again late december. more heavy snow

66
Q

In Britains blizzard which area was most badly effected

A

edingburgh 35cm

67
Q

what were the social effects of britains blizzard

A 
lack of drinking water 
schools shut
injuries
airports closed
most time spent cleaning roads
68
Q

what were the economic effects of britains blizzard?

A 
businesses no water
traffic stand still
emergency service deal wi injuries
trains stopped cant get to work
loss of money need extra siupplies
69
Q

what were the environmental impacts of britains blizzaed?

A

grit effected roads
pollution-stand still cars
shortage food for animals
plants/trees destroyed

70
Q

what was the response of the locals to britains blizzard?

A

cleared snow an grit the roads

71
Q

what was the response of farmers and builders to britains blizzard?

A

diggers and tractors cleared roads

Geography (6 decks)

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