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Geography > Section C- Physical Landscapes In The UK > Flashcards

Section C- Physical Landscapes In The UK Flashcards

1
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

force of water against river bed

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2
Q

what is abrasion?

A

river throws particles against river bed at high velocity

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3
Q

what is attrition?

A

loads bumps into each other being smoothed and broken into small particles

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4
Q

what is solution?

A

chemicals in water dissolved the bed and banks

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5
Q

what is traction?

A

large material rolled along the river bed

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6
Q

what is saltation?

A

small pebbles bounce along river bed

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7
Q

what is suspension?

A

fine material carried in waters flow

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8
Q

what is soltuion? (transportation)

A

dissolving loads that are soluble in rainwater

e.g chalk and limestone

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9
Q

name the two types of waves

A

constructive

destructive

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10
Q

give characteristics of a constructive wave

A 
strong swash and weak backwash 
8-10 waves per minute
build up beaches 
occur in summer 
under  1m 
long
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11
Q

give some characteristics of a destructive wave

A 
over 1m 
very high and short
weak swash and strong backwash 
10-14 waves per min
erodes beaches 
occurs in winter
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12
Q

what landforms form as a result of erosion?

A

headlands and bays
cliffs ad wave cut platforms
caves,archers,stacks,and stumps

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13
Q

how do headlands and bays form

A

alternate bands of resistant+ non resistant rock align at right angle to coast
less resistant rock eroded more quickly hydraulic action and abrasion
more resistant rock protruding into sea forming a headland

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14
Q

what happens to the bays that are formed once the less resistant rock has been eroded?

A

become low energy environments in which deposition occurs
exposed headlands becomes erosion target
beaches are built up by constructive waves

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15
Q

what is a headland?

A

a cliff promontory which juts out into the sea

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16
Q

what is a bay?

A

a crescent shaped indentation in the coastline found between two headlands

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17
Q

what is a cliff?

A

a steep or vertical face of a rock often found at a coast

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18
Q

what is wave cut platform?

A

a wide gently sloping rocky surface at the foot of the cliff

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19
Q

what is weathering?

A

Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface.

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20
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

Waves approach coast at angle.
Swash carries sediment up beach at an angle.
Backwash carries sediment down beach with gravity – at right angles to beach.
zig-zag movement of sediment along the beach.

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21
Q

how do wave cut platforms form?

A

destructive waves hits against cliff face causing undercutting (HA + Corrasion)
cliff face is unsupported too heavy so falls off
this sediment broken down by attrition and thrown back at the cliff by abrasion
cycle repeats leaving a platform

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22
Q

how do cliffs form?

A

weathering wears down rock
rock left behid is more resistant- typically vertical
weathering weakens top and erosion wear bottom away

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of a wave cut platform?

A

gentle slope
bare rock interspersed with rock pools
barnacles on rocks

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of cliffs?

A

horizontal bedding
layers of hard rock jutting out
verticle bare rock cliff face

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25
Q

how are caves,achers and stacks formed?

A

1) headland made of chalk and limstone natural cracks
2) sea finds cracks,erodes them wi HA+abrasion until caves
3) continues this on both sides of headland forms an arch
4) erodes the arch till roof collapses leaving stack
5) headland retreats
6) sea attacks stack causing it to weaken and fall into a stump

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of a sandy beach?

A

shallow,flat,formed by constructive waves, sand dune back of beach.long

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of a pebbled beach?

A

steep,formed y destructive waved, large pebbles at back of beach, short

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28
Q

how does a sandy beach form?

A

1) low energy constructive waves transport material into sheltered bay
2) sediment constantly moved up beach-swash stronger than backwash

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29
Q

how does a pebbled beach form?

A

1) destructive waves have stronger backwash-pebbles dont move far up beach
2) this makes a steeper beach- usually form when there is strong winds

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30
Q

how do sand dunes form?

A

1) wind blowing inland transports sand particles by saltation up the beach
2) height of sand builds up and becomes unstable
3) sand slips down the leeward slope

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31
Q

what is a spit?

A

an area of sand or shingle which either extends at a gentle angle out to see or which grows across a river estuary

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32
Q

How do spits form?

A

prevailing wind-Longshore drift move material along coastline.
spit forms when the material is deposited.
Over time,spit grows + develops a hook if wind direction changes further out.
Waves cannot get past so creates a sheltered area wherw mud flats or salt marshes form.

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33
Q

What is a bar?

A

Where a spit grows across a bay

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34
Q

how is a bar formed?

A

longshore drift continues to extend the length of the spit and forms a bar which has a lagoon behind it

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35
Q

which part of the UK coastline did we study to identify its main landforms?

A

swanage bay

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36
Q

where is swanage bay located?

A

Dorset

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37
Q

what features does swanage bay show?

A

headland (ballard point)

bay (swanage)

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38
Q

where can good examples of cliff erosion and wave cut platforms be found?

A

Flamborugh head (yorkshire)

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39
Q

what are hard engineering strategies?

A

man made structures built to control flow of sea

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40
Q

what are gabions?

A

wire mesh cages filled with small rocks+ pebbles

can be stacked to form wall like barrier at back of beach

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41
Q

what are the economic benefits of gabions?

A

£110 a meter- cheap
easy to construct
constructed on site wi local pebbles- cheaper
last 20-25 years

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42
Q

what are the environmental benefits of gabions?

A

blend in better

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43
Q

what are the economic costs of gabions?

A

restricted to sandy beach- shingle hurled at them would degrade it on pebbled beaches
expensive to repair vegitated ones
maintenance

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44
Q

what are the social costs of gabions?

A

people trip or cut themselves on wire mesh if broken

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45
Q

what are the environmental costs of gabions?

A

sea birds damage feet

damaged ones can look unsightly

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46
Q

what is a sea wall?

A

wall made out of a hard material reflects waves back into the sea

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47
Q

what is a groyne?

A

wooden or stone fences built at right angle to coast

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48
Q

what is rock armour?

A

boulders that are piled up usually at back of beacj

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49
Q

what are the economic benefits of sea walls?

A

last for many years if well maintained

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50
Q

what are the social benefits of sea walls?

A

sense of security

double as a cycle route/walk

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51
Q

what are the environmental benefits of sea walls?

A

don’t impede movement of sediment

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52
Q

what are the social costs of sea walls?

A

restrict access to beach

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53
Q

what are the economic costs of a sea wall?

A

£5,000 per linear meter-expensive+costly repairs

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54
Q

what are the environmental costs of sea walls?

A

ugly to look at

destroy habitats

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55
Q

what are the social benefits of groynes?

A

act as wind breaks

people can sit on them

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56
Q

what are the economic benefits of groynes?

A

£5,000 each- cheap

if well maintained last up to 40 yrs

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57
Q

what are the social costs of groynes?

A

stop people walking along beach

wind surfers collide wi them

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58
Q

what are the economic costs of groynes?

A

restrict supply of sediment down drift
ineffective in stormy conditions
need regular maintenance so don’t rot

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59
Q

what are the environmental costs of groynes?

A

unattractive

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60
Q

what are the economic benefits of rock armour?

A

£1000-3000 a metre
quick + easy to build
versatile

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61
Q

what are the social costs of rock armour?

A

access to beach difficult

collect slippery seaweed hazard risk

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62
Q

what are the economic costs of rock armour?

A

foreign rocks used inflates the cost

maintaining regularly as storms move rocks

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63
Q

what are the environmental costs of rock armour?

A

ugly+ covers vast areas of beach

don’t blend in with local geology

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64
Q

what is beach nourishment?

A

sand and shingle from somewhere else is added to beach

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65
Q

what is sand dune regeneration?

A

creating/restoring sand dunes either by nourishment or planting vegetation

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66
Q

what is beach reprofiling?

A

direct transfer of material from the lower to the upper beach

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67
Q

what are the social benefits of beach nourishment?

A

more room for people

people living along sea front more protected from flooding

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68
Q

what are the economic benefits of beach nourishment?

A

protects expensive properties

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69
Q

what the environmental benefits of beach nourishment?

A

natural and blends in

70
Q

what are the social costs of beach nourishment?

A

during re-nourishment beach access restricted

71
Q

what are the economic costs of beach nourishment?

A

£300,000 to hire a dredger

72
Q

what are the economic benefits of beach reprofiling?

A

nourishment and maintenance £30mill over 25 yrs

73
Q

what are the social benefits of beach reprofiling?

A

residents feel safe

74
Q

what are the environmental benefits of beach reprofiling?

A

looks reasonably natural

75
Q

what are social costs of beach reprofiling?

A

bulldozers restrict access especially in winter

76
Q

what are the economic costs of beach reprofiling?

A

can be expensive if major

77
Q

what are the environmental costs of beach reprofiling?

A

steep high crested beach may look unatural

78
Q

what are the social benefits of sand dune regeneration?

A

protect land behind

popular for picnics and walking areas

79
Q

what are the economic benefits of sand dune regeneration?

A

minimal costs as small planting projects use volunteers

80
Q

what are the environmental benefits of sand dune regeneration?

A

maintain habitats

dragonflies

81
Q

what are the social costs of sand dune regeneration?

A

fenced off areas

82
Q

what are the economic costs of sand dune regeneration?

A

checked twice a year-fertilisers applied

expensive systems put in place to protect them

83
Q

what are the environmental costs of sand dune regeneration?

A

grass becomes damaged from storms

84
Q

what is managed retreat?

A

allows land to flood as old defences are breached and new line of defences built inland

85
Q

what are the social benefits of managed retreat?

A

takes the pressure off areas further along the cosst and reduce their risk of floods

86
Q

what are the economic benefits of managed retreat?

A

cheaper in the long term rather than maintaining hard engineering strategies

87
Q

what are the environmental benefits of managed retreat?

A

enhances natural environment
new intertidal habitats
encourages development of salt marshes + beaches

88
Q

what are the social costs of managed retreat?

A

relocation of people to new homes causes disruption

89
Q

what are the economic costs of managed retreat?

A

high short term costs

relocation costs have to be paid

90
Q

what are the environmental costs of managed retreat?

A

agricultural land is lost

habitats of coastal birds affected (decline numbers)

91
Q

give an example of an area of the Uk which needed coastal relignment

A

the area west of Selsey (west sussex)

92
Q

Why was coastal management needed in selsey?

A

The EA considered it to be the area of SW england most at risk of flooding

93
Q

what was the only protection Selsey had against flooding?

A

a shingle ridge

94
Q

From the 1990s what did selsey start doing to maintain the beach?

A

beach reprofiling (£200,000 a yr)

95
Q

what happened when Selseys beach management strategies were breached?

A

£5 mill of damage

96
Q

how was managed retreat achieved in Selsey?

A
  • new clay embankment 2km inland
  • channel behind embankment collect drainage
  • 4 outfall structures to take water in intertidal area
  • rock armour on embankment
  • shingle bank in case of breach
97
Q

what were the social benefits of Selseys managed retreat?

A
  • new cycle routes and footpaths

- 1 in 1,000 chance of flooding- reassuring

98
Q

what are the economical benefits of selseys managed retreat?

A
  • increase tourism
  • gained a rep with nature lovers brings money in
  • fishing nursery boost industry
  • salt marsh used for cattle farming
99
Q

what are the environmental benefits of selseys managed retreat?

A
  • 300 hectres of new intertidal habitats

- turning into a huge nature reserve

100
Q

what were the social conflicts of selseys managed retreat?

A

-resentment from outside area as alot of money spent on a sparsly populated area

101
Q

what were the econmic conflicts of selseys managed retreat?

A

cost £28 million could of been 0.2 a year on shingle wall

3 farms had to be abandoned for scheme losing money

102
Q

what were the environmental conflicts of selseys managed retreat?

A

habitats such as badgers may have been disturbed

103
Q

what landforms form as a ressult of just erosion?

upper course

A

interlocking spurs
waterfalls
gorges

104
Q

what landforms form as a result of erosion and depostion? (middle course)

A

meanders

oxbow lakes

105
Q

what landforms form as a result of just depostion?

lower course

A

levees
flood plains
estuaries

106
Q

what are interlocking spurs?

A

projecting ridges that extend alternately from the opposite sides of the wall of a V-shaped valley

107
Q

what are the key characteristics of interlocking spurs?

A

steep gradient
convex slopes
separated by narrow valley floor

108
Q

how are interlocking spurs formed?

A
  • winding path of river due to obstacles of harder rock
  • river takes easiest route
  • results in projections of high land
109
Q

what is a waterfall?

A

water falling vertically down a drop in the channel

110
Q

what are the characteristics of a gorge?

A

narrow valley
steep, high sides
located immediately downstream of waterfall
fast flowing

111
Q

how does a waterfall create a gorge?

A 
1- waterfall flows over resistant rock
2-plunge pool is formed 
3-splashback from pool erode soft rock behind waterfall
4-over hang collapses
5-waterfall retreat forming gorge
112
Q

what are the characteristics of a meander?

A

slip of slopes
bends
gentle sloped sides

113
Q

how is a meander formed?

A

1-fast flowing water, outside bank lateral erosion HA+A
2-helicoidal flow down inside bend deposits load due to friction
3-vertical erosion on outside bend
4- more depostion on inside bend

114
Q

what is an oxbow lake?

A

small horse shoe lake found in lower courses

115
Q

how is an oxbow lake formed?

A

1- meander loop becomes large- narrow neck
2-river floods cutting across neck
3-this new short cut carves out new banks
4-floods recede-goes bank to old route
5-process keeps happening until loop detaches due to deposition

116
Q

what are the characteristics of levees?

A

raised river banks
made of gravel and stones
flat top

117
Q

how is a levee formed?

A

1-river bursts its bank
2-low velocity-sediment is deposited
3-each time banks are built higher
4-bed becomes thicker and water level rises

118
Q

what is a flood plain?

A

large area of flat land ether side of a river

119
Q

what is the width of a flood plain due to?

A

meander migration

120
Q

what materials build up a flood plain over time

A

silt and alluminuim are deposited making land more fertile aswell

121
Q

what is an estuary?

A

where the channel broadens out to reach the sea

122
Q

what are the characteristics of an estuary?

A

wide
high tidal range
mudflats
tidal bores

123
Q

how is an estuary formed?

A

low lying valley sides are flooded

the original channel is now the estuary floor

124
Q

facts about the river tees

A

100km long
north east england
high rainfall
altitude-600m

125
Q

what landforms are found in the upper course of the river tees

A

interlocking spurs
rapids
waterfalls
gorges

126
Q

what landforms are found in the middle course of the river tees?

A

meanders

oxbow lakes

127
Q

what landforms are found in the lower course of the river tees?

A

meanders
oxbow lakes
floodplains
levees

128
Q

which fours precipitation factors increase flood risk?

A

continous heavy rain
sudden bursts of heavy rain
prolonged light rainfall
sudden snow melt

129
Q

how can geology increase flood risk?

A

rocks found in mountains is impermeable (slate) therefore runs off very easily- nothing to intercept it

130
Q

how can relief increase flood risk?

A

low lying areas contain impermeable clay soil so cant infiltrate. also soil is these areas is very compacts

131
Q

how does urbanisation increase flood risk?

A

more impermeable surfaces
drainage routes altered-no capacity for excess water
lack of vegetation=more surface run off
water runs quicker through drains then if on land-get to river quicker

132
Q

how does deforestation increase flood risk?

A

leaves catch water and it evaporates off them
reduces impacts of rain on soil-soil erosion
roots absorb water from soil-less saturated so
can hold more

133
Q

how does farming increase flood risk?

A

harvest crops leaves bare soil no veg to intercept

field ploughing creates channels for water

134
Q

what is a hyrdograph?

A

shows how a rivers discharge changes in respose to rain

135
Q

what are dams and reservoirs?

A

dam- huge wall built in upper course

reservoir-artificial lake behind dam

136
Q

what are the benefits o dams and reservoirs?

A

rservoirs store water= reduces flood risk can power HEP and used for drinking

137
Q

what are the disadvanatges of dams and reservoirs?

A

dams are expensive

138
Q

what is channel straightening?

A

meanders are cut out and river is artificially straightened

139
Q

what are the benefits of channel straightening?

A

water moves out of the area more quickly which stops flooding

140
Q

what are the disadvanatges of channel straightening?

A

flooding may happen downstream as it is traveling faster toward it

141
Q

what are embankments?

A

artificially raised river bank

142
Q

what are the benefits of an embankment?

A

channel has an increased carrying capacity
low cost
provides a habitat

143
Q

what are the disadvantages of an embankment?

A

deprive people easy access for fishing/boats
can be unreliable-prone to erosion
maintenance cost

144
Q

what is a flood relief channel?

A

back up channel- works like a bypass

145
Q

what are the benefits of a flood relief channel?

A

house values increase
cycle paths built
lower insurance costs
provide new habitats

146
Q

what are the disadvantages of flood relief channels?

A

settlements downstream effected
expensive
unattratcive

147
Q

what are the hard engineering river management strategies?

A

embankments
flood relief channel
dams and reservoirs
channel straightening

148
Q

what are the soft engineering flood management schemes?

A 
flood warnings 
preparation
flood plain zoning 
'do nothing'
river restoration
planting trees
149
Q

what are flood warnings?

A

environment agency warns people through tv/radio

150
Q

what are the benefits of flood warnings?

A

impact of flood is reduced- people have time to move things

151
Q

what are the disadvanatges of flood warnings?

A

people may not hear/lack access to warnings
it doesn’t actually stop a flood
places with lots of warnings makes it harder to get insurance

152
Q

what is preparation?

A

modifying buildings

make plans of what to do in a flood

153
Q

what are the benefits of preparation?

A

impact of flood reduced

people know what to do-less worried

154
Q

what are the disadvantages of preparation?

A

doesn’t guarantee safety
false sense of security
expensive buildings

155
Q

what is flood plain zoning?

A

restrictions to prevent buildings on parts of flood plain that are likely to be affected

156
Q

what are the benefits of flood plain zoning?

A

risk of flood reduced-less impermeable surfaces

impacts is reduced-no homes

157
Q

what are the disadvantages flood plain zoning?

A

expansion of urban area limited

158
Q

what is ‘doing nothing’ ?

A

no money spent on new engineering

flooding is a natural process

159
Q

what are the advantages of ‘doing nothing’?

A

farmland becomes more fertile from deposition

160
Q

what are the disadvantages of ‘doing nothing’?

A

impacts aren’t reduced-lots of damage

161
Q

what is planing trees as a soft engineering strategy?

A

shelter belts of trees across woodlands in floodplains

162
Q

what are the benefits of planting trees?

A

reduce surface run off
more CO2 absorbed
new habitats
inexpensive

163
Q

what are the disadvantages of planting trees?

A

less open space

loss of grazing land

164
Q

what is river restoration?

A

river restored to natural channel after previously being hard engineered

165
Q

what are the benefits of river restoration?

A

new habitats

increase water storage

166
Q

what are the disadvantages of river restoration?

A

loss of agricultural land
expensive
not always effective/practical

167
Q

why was the Jubilee river flood scheme required?

A

thames flood plain prone to flooding
increased impermeable surfaces
contains royal settlements/eton

168
Q

what measures were taken in the Jubilee scheme?

A

created to take overflow water from river thames

169
Q

what social issues arose from the jubilee scheme?

A

is it ethical to protect more expensive properties

170
Q

what are the economic issues that arose from the jubilee scheme?

A

most expensive scheme in the uk

£330 million aswell as repairs

171
Q

what environmental issues arose from the jubilee scheme?

A

ugly concrete weirs
extensive flooding downstream
habitats disturbed

Geography (6 decks)

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