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Geography > Section A- Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Section A- Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

define urbanisation

A

a rise in population of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

what is the global pattern of urban change?

A
  • lowest growth rate is in europe
  • higher in africa and asia
  • america low growth rate
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3
Q

which push factors effect urban migration?

A

lack of jobs
poor living conditions
lack of resources
natural disaster

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4
Q

which pull factors effect urban migration?

A

job ops
better conditions
more services
more people/family

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5
Q

what is natural increase?

A

birth rate is higher than death rate so population grows

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6
Q

where is lagos?

A

Nigeria (the largest city)

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7
Q

why is lagos important?

A

its the centre of trade and commerce

80% of Nigeria’s industry is base here

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8
Q

If Lagos is the biggest city in Nigeria why is it not the capital?

A

Nigerian government moved to Abuja- the current capital

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9
Q

What was the main cause of population growth in Lagos?

A

rural to urban migration

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10
Q

What are the social opportunities in Lagos?

A

Education:
schools and unis in lagos- if educated more likely to find a job- 11,000+ primary schools
Healthcare:
available in lagos and is closer than living in countryside- clean water and services

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11
Q

what are the economic opportunities in lagos

A

more jobs available than anywhere else in nigeria
if cant work in formal economy- paying tax
can work in the informal economy e.g street vender

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12
Q

what is Lagos’ GDP?

A

$90 billion

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13
Q

what is Nigeria’s GDP?

A

$573 billion

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14
Q

what % of GDP comes from lagos?

A

15%

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15
Q

what % of nigerias population does lagos contain?

A

10%

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16
Q

how does the infrastructure of Lagos benefit the economy?

A

has two ports and an airport meaning its more acsessable for people looking for jobs and also trading

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17
Q

what is the challenge of managing urban growth?

A 
slums
providing clean water 
providing access to services
reducing unemployment and crime
managing environmental issues
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18
Q

describe the slums in Lagos (challenge)

A

makako slums- people live in poor conditions as the houses arent developed properly, dirty water and bad waste desposal system- illegal
estimated 150-250,000 people live there

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19
Q

describe the water supply in Lagos (challenge)

A

dirty rainwater is collected from roofs
not a reliable source
water containers could be contaiminated
chemicals from plastic mix wi water

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20
Q

describe the sanitation in Lagos (challenge)

A

Lagos- 1% of houses connected to sewers

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21
Q

describe the energy in lagos (challenge)

A

no air con

unreliable and expensive generators means no to little electricity

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22
Q

describe the healthcare in lagos (challenge)

A

12 main hospitals supply 20 mill people
3707 people share each doctor
cholera outbreaks occur often

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23
Q

describe unemployment in lagos (challenge)

A

fluctuating figures currently 25% unemployed

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24
Q

why is there a high crime rate in lagos?

A

unemployed people become desperate and turn to a life of crime.

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25
Q

describe the education in lagos (challenge)

A

98% of children are in education however many in slums cant afford it

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26
Q

what is the cause of air pollution in lagos and what solution could be used?

A

5X higher than internationally recommended
biggest cause traffic

improve walking and cycling routes

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27
Q

what is the cause of excess waste in lagos and what solution could be used?

A

huge landfill site near lagos where most waste goes
only 13% is recycled

  • turn rubbish into energy. LSWMA plan to produce 25MW of electricity. this is enough to power 1 town
  • unemployed people do the recycling
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28
Q

what is the cause of water pollution in lagos and what solutions could be used?

A

only wealthiest homes have piped water
public taps, bore holes or vendors- lack of proper sewage systems pollutes water

licence for bore holes
lagos state water regulatory commission began regulating water supply and vendors(2012)

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29
Q

what is the cause of traffic congestion in lagos and what solutions could be used?

A

40% of new cars in nigeria are registered in lagos

intro lagos metropolitan area transport authority which
intro bus rapid transport system + light railway (2016)
plans for rail mass transit

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30
Q

what urban planning technique is used in lagos to help the urban poor?

A

floating communities

31
Q

how can floating communities overcome the issue of lagos’ growing population?

A
  • land is under increasing pressure so putting it in on water decreases that
  • schools can be provided 60 children at a time
  • quick build provide sustainable living
32
Q

how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ power supply?

A

-solar pannels on floating school in Makoko

provides more electricity than required so can be used by local community as well

33
Q

how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ water supply?

A

steep sided roofs- rain runs off and collected for drinking and washing
solar energy can pump water from one spot to another

34
Q

how can floating communities overcome the issue of Lagos’ population density?

A

stop development of slums

people more spread out

35
Q

how can floating communities overcome the issue of rising sea level?

A

foundations of them can rise and fall with variable sea levels
reduces risk of flooding + saves from rebuilding (money and inconvenience)

36
Q

describe the location of Birmingham in relation to physical and human features

A 
centre of west midlands
high ground (150-300m above sea level)
natural vegetation= woodlands 
163km north west of london
M5 runs W of Bham
37
Q

Why is Birmingham built where it is?

A

reasonably close to main western trading ports of Liverpool and Newport
high ground= defence benefit
natural veg= woodland= resources
centre of country easy access

38
Q

why is Birmingham important on a world wide scale?

A

first steam engine was invented there leading tofirst available mass transport
alternative business hub in UK shown by HSBC

39
Q

Why did migration occur in Birmingham?

A

1950s - after WW2 many english men died.
immigration from common wealth of nations 9ncreased
1990s- increase in conflict in world. residents from somalia+ east africa

40
Q

what are the positive impacts of migration on Birmingham?

A

more safe around people of the same ethnicity
everyone speaking same language as you
different businesses
cultural experiences

41
Q

what are the negative impacts of migration on Birmingham?

A 
causes racial tension
overcrowding
violence
racism
religious tension
42
Q

How has cultural mixing made opportunities in Birmingham?

A

Balti triangle
new fashion and religion
enables people to learn about more cultures

43
Q

How has recreation and entertainment at Brindley place created opportunities in Birmingham?

A

Business’ make money from it
people interact with eachother
creates jobs

44
Q

how has recreation and entertainment at symphony hall created opportunities in Birmingham?

A

music and performances

attracts people offers jobs

45
Q

how has recreation and entertainment at the library created opportunities in Birmingham?

A

attracts uni students
jobs
historians

46
Q

how have integrated transport systems created opportunities in Birmingham? (3)

A
  • trams=more jobs, more people get into city-reduces CO2
  • new street station=300,000 people per day
  • two rings roads easy access to city
47
Q

How has urban greening created opportunities in Birmingham? (5)

A
  • physical activity in green spaces
  • vegetated areas reduce flood risk
  • mental health benefits surrounded by green
  • habitats
  • clean air
48
Q

How has urban change created urban deprivation?

A

people move and live on the outside of Birmingham so they can still acess it.poorer people left in the centre

49
Q

how has urban change created unemployment?

A

areas with the greatest poverty have the highest unemployment rates.

50
Q

how has urban change created housing inequality?

A

population is increasing- house building can’t keep up.newer nice one are built on the fringe

51
Q

how has urban change created lower life expectancy in the centre of Birmingham?

A

less well off

can’t afford a good quality of life

52
Q

Urban change has created dereliction. what are the negatives of this?

A

squatters
anit-social behaviour
could fall down
doesn’t look nice

53
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

a previously developed piece of land now available for re-development

54
Q

what is a greenfield site?

A

an undeveloped piece of land with proposed first time development

55
Q

what are the benefits of a brownfield site?

A

already have plumbing,electricity
stop expansion
more environmentally friendly

56
Q

what are the disadvantages of a brownfield site?

A

expensive
contain chemicals or bacteria
time consuming clearing it

57
Q

what are the benefits of a greenfield site?

A

cheaper than brownfield
doesn’t contain chemicals
doesn’t take time to clear

58
Q

what are the disadvantages of a greenfield site?

A

encourage urban sprawl
doesn’t have plumbing
less environmentally friendly

59
Q

how has urban change created issues with waste disposal?

A

growing population increases house hold waste aswelll as commercial waste

60
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

the spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside

61
Q

how has urban sprawl created challenges?

A

houses in the centre are of lower quality and cheaper which forces the less well off to live here. due to the age they may be dangerous

62
Q

what is a green belt?

A

land where urban development is not allowed, this is to prevent urban sprawl

63
Q

what are the benefits of a green belt?

A

prevents all environment being destroyed
stops urban areas combining
preserves habitats

64
Q

how has urban change created challenges for green belts?

A

Birmingham has a housing crisis forcing a reduction on green belts

65
Q

what is sustainability?

A

looking after the needs of today without reducing opportunities in the future

66
Q

How does London approach waste managment

A

landfill sites
carried on barges
lorries to transport

67
Q

is London’s approach to waste management sustainable?

A

no,they use landfill sites

these will soon become full and then it can’t be managed

68
Q

How does creating green spaces made an area more sustainable?

A

more trees=pollution reduction- future generations can live there
trees intercept water decrease flooding

69
Q

Which part of London has a sustainable water and energy conservation scheme?

A

East village (built for Olympics)

70
Q

How does water recycling work in East village?

A

rain water drains into ponds, filtered+ cleaned naturally by reed beds
pumped back to village

71
Q

How does the combined heat and power system work in East village?

A

generates electricity + produces heat from same source

heat as a by product is used to heat water

72
Q

How does Curitiba have sustainable transport systems?

A

Three main roads
bigger buses
BRT easy and cheap to run

73
Q

How does Curitiba have a sustainable waste management system?

A

in slums people clean up waste in return for food

5 kilos of waste=1kilo of food

74
Q

How are Curitiba’s open spaces sustainable?

A

no parks are man made- allowed to flood
ring of parks round city
use sheep to trim grass

Geography (6 decks)

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