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section b skill acquistion Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four teaching styles ?

A

command
reciprocal
discovery
problem solving

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2
Q

what is command style?

A

involves the teacher making all the decisions with no input from learners, performers complete all the same actions

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3
Q

when would command style be used?

A

large groups
novice performers
dangerous situation
complex task

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4
Q

what are advantages of command style ?

A

instructions are clear
control is maintained
information given quickly if time is limited
large groups can be catered for quickly

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5
Q

what are disadvantages of command style?

A 
no decisions from learner 
possible lack of understanding 
limited feedback 
little allowance for creativity 
demotivation
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6
Q

what is reciprocal style?

A

most decisions made my teachers and some learner input, a task may be set and completed by learners in pairs

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7
Q

what are some advantages of reciprocal style ?

A 
instructions are clear
communication skills are developed 
learners develop some responsibility for their own learning 
some individual feedback 
learners develop self- confidence 
teachers can maintain overall control
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8
Q

what are some disadvantages of reciprocal style ?

A

maybe difficult with beginners
difficult to monitor if all groups are on task
learners may not be able analyse movement and provide incorrect feedback

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9
Q

what is an ideal situation for reciprocal style ?

A

learners are more experienced
simple skills are involved
limited danger
time is available

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10
Q

what is the discovery style of learning ?

A

involves the teacher guiding the learner to find the correct movement by providing info or clues and performer may have to find the correct of many solutions

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11
Q

what are the advantages of discovery style ?

A

encourage creativity and decision making
development of responsibility
learners can work at their own pace
development of understanding of the task
increase motivation of task
improves communication and promote group interaction

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12
Q

what is the ideal situation of discovery style ?

A

there is no right or wrong outcome
performers have good communication
more experienced performers are involved
creativity is required

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13
Q

what is problem solving style ?

A

involves the teacher setting a problem and the learner finding a solution an open- ended approach

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14
Q

what are the disadvantages of the discovery style ?

A

time consuming
difficult to those who lack creativity
difficult for learners progress of large groups difficult to manage
learning is not what all what all learners wish to do

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages & advantages of problem solving style ?

A

similar to discovery

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16
Q

what is the ideal situation for problem- solving ?

A

no correct outcome
no time restriction
performers experienced

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17
Q

what factors need to be considered when planning a training session ?

A

nature of performer - age , ability
nature of task - open or closed skill
experience of teacher- knowledge
environmental condition - facilities

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18
Q

what is whole learning ?

A

the performer attempting the whole movement pattern after observing the demonstration on verbal guidance

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19
Q

what are the ideal conditions for whole leaning ?

A

if the skill is simple or discrete
the performer is motivated and pay attention
the performer is experienced

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20
Q

what are the advantages of whole learning ?

A

develop an awareness of entire movement
understand relationship between different sub routines immediately
experience timings needed to execute the skill successfully
develop his own schema

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21
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole learning?

A

difficult to use with complex skills
maybe difficult for beginners
not ideal for dangerous skills

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22
Q

what is part learning ?

A

involves the performer completing sub routines of movement in isolation before attempting overall movement

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23
Q

what are the advantages of part learning?

A

complex skills can be broken down into stages
specific aspects of the technique can be modified
allows performer to develop confidence
reduces the potential of injury
its motivating as sections of skills can be achieved quickly

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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of part learning ?

A

it reduces overall awareness
the transfer from part to whole may not be effective
the highly organized skills are difficult to break down
its time consuming

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25
what are the ideal situations for part learning ?
when skill is complex skill is a long sentence performer has little motivation or attention span performer is of limited experience
26
what is progressive part learning ?
variation of other methods, performer attempting the skill in stages then linking them together 'chaining'
27
what are the advantages of progressive part learning?
complex skills can be broken down gradually novice performers can achieve success performers with limited attention span can remain focused development of understanding of relationship between subroutines minimizes the risk with dangerous skills transfer to whole skill can be easier
28
what are the disadvantages of progressive part method?
time consuming | performers may become too focused on one particular subroutines
29
what is the ideal situation of progressive part learning?
``` when skill is complex the skill is serial skill is dangerous time is not an issue performer has limited motivation performer is limited in experience ```
30
what is whole part whole learning ?
mixture of two, performer attempts whole skill, then develops specific subroutines before completing the whole skill again
31
what are the types of practice ?
massed distributed variable mental
32
what is massed practice ?
the repeated practice of skills with little or no recovery periods
33
when would massed practice be used ?
skills are discrete the performer is well motivated the performer has high fitness the performer is well experienced
34
what are weaknesses of massed p ?
boredom fatigue over training
35
what is distributed practice?
involves repeated practice of skill with a recovery period before repetition of skill or a new task / feedback/ mental rehearsal
36
when would distributed practice be used?
performer is a novice the performer has low level of motivation performer has low level of fitness performer has short attention span
37
what are weaknesses of distributed practice?
demotivation loss of concentration little discipline within groups
38
what is variable practice ?
involves using both mass and distributed, maintains interest and motivation levels
39
what is mental practice ?
involves cognitive rehearsal of a skill without physical movement, can be used before and after practice
40
what are two ways mental practice ?
internal- involves the performer seeing themselves in the situation creating a feel for the actual movement external- performer watching themselves from film
41
when would mental practice be ideally used ?
performer is injured and some practice needs to be maintained when performer needs to concentrate on specific aspects of skill confidence needs to be developed
42
how can mental practice be improved?
finding a quiet location regular practice use during recovery periods creates a clear picture of movement
43
what are the methods of guidance ?
visual verbal manual mechanical
44
what is visual guidance ?
involves the performer creating a mental picture by demonstrations, videos pictures etc
45
how can visual guidance be aided?
demonstrations must be accurate info must be relevant to age and ability of performer use appropriate verbal guidance to highlight key points
46
what are the advantages of visual guidance ?
good for performers in the cognitive and associative stages of learning provides a clear idea of the movement pattern to be performed specific cues can be highlighted, which can focus the performers attention
47
what are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
demotivation, if performer is unable to repeat skill can give too much information- confusing poor replication if the skill is inaccurate
48
what is verbal guidance?
involves explaining the skill either to understand requirement or to provide feedback, the information must be specific to ability of performer or to outline a specific skill or technique or game
49
to optimize experience , what factors should be considered ?
information should be clear and accurate and everyone must hear the instructions limiting the amount of language provided language and terminology must be relevant to age group
50
what are advantages of verbal guidance ?
good for all stages of learning feedback can be given both before and after and during performance useful for those in autonomous stage of learning, can more easily correct their faults
51
what are disadvantages of verbal guidance ?
demotivation if performer is unable to complete skill overload f information - only key points given difficulty in understanding for novice performers some movements may be difficult to explain difficult with large groups may become boring
52
what is manual guidance ?
involves performer being forced into correct position
53
to optimize manual guidance these factors should be considered
combine with verbal guidance to focus on key points ensure movement pattern is correct avoid overuse
54
what are the advantages of manual guidance ?
good for all stages of learning reduces fear and builds confidence helps reduce the risk in some dangerous situations development of the correct kin aesthetic movement
55
what are disadvantages of manual guidance ?
performer becomes reliant on help .difficult in large situations lack of intrinsic feedback limited use of complex movements
56
what is mechanical guidance ?
similar to nature of manual guidance, using some force of device or support
57
what are the adv and dis ?
similar to manual
58
what is feedback?
links input n output phrases , we learn from our experineces either to modify our movements at the time or store in long-term.
59
what purpose does feedback serve?
detection and correction of errors causing a change in performance motivation- incentive to continue reinforcement of learning
60
what are different types of feedback?
``` intrinsic, extrinsic continuous terminal positive negative knowledge of results knowledge of performance ```
61
what is continuous feedback ?
picked up by proprio receptors, is the feel of the shot
62
what is terminal feedback ?
received after performance, maybe be issued immediately by coach or later
63
what is positive feedback ?
form of reinforcement and encourages performer to repeat action
64
what is negative feedback ?
used to discourage the repetition of an action as it was incorrect
65
what is knowledge of result feedback ?
feedback that the performer receives afterwards concerning the outcome of action e.g number of shots recorded
66
what is knowledge of performance feedback ?
the information the performer receives about the quality of technique can be intrinsic or extrinistic
67
what is intrinsic feedback ?
received within performer, as performers develop they are more likely to correct own performance
68
what is extrinsic feedback ?
outside feedback, given via coaches and teammates

AS PE (17 decks)

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