Skills & Abilities / Information Processing

Question 0

What are the characteristics of a skill

Answer 0

Efficient 
Smooth
Aesthetic 
Effortless
Goal directed
Consistent

Question 1

What is the definition of a skill?

Answer 1

A skill is a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty

Question 2

What are the types of skill?

Answer 2

Cognitive-tactics/calculating times

Perceptual-predicting where the ball will be kicked or judging the distance

Psychomotor-judging how far to kick it, then actually doing it

Question 3

What is is a ability?

Answer 3

Abilities are genetic and not learned, they underpin our skills

Question 4

What is the difference between an opened and closed skill?

Answer 4

Open- environment is unstable, constant adjustment needed, externally paced.(pass in netball)

Closed-environment is stable and constant, predictable skill can be repeated.(shot put)

Question 5

What is the difference between a gross and fine skill

Answer 5

Gross- large muscle groups used

Fine-small muscle groups

Question 6

What’s the difference between self-paced and externally paced skills?

Answer 6

Self paced- performer controls start and speed of movement.

Externally paced- start of movement or speed based on other peoples actions or changing eneviroment.

Question 7

What’s the difference between a discrete, serial and continuous skill?

Answer 7

Discrete-clear beginning and end, must start skill again to repeat.

Serial-linked series of discrete skills, set order or sequence.

Continuous-no clear beginning or end, end of movement is start of next.

Question 8

What’s the difference between skill and ability?

Answer 8

Skill is something that is learned and developed to bring about a predetermined result with maximum certainty, where as ability is genetic and not learned it underpins our skills.

Question 9

What is the difference between motor and perceptual abilities?

Answer 9

Motor abilities- are concerned with movement.

Perceptual abilities-detecting, recognising and responding to a stimulus from the environment.

Question 10

What are 2 examples of gross motor abilities?

Answer 10

Stamina-the ability to maintain maximum effort when using the cardio respiratory system.
Static strength- the maximum force that can be exerted against an external object.

Question 11

What are 2 examples of perceptual motor abilities?

Answer 11

Control precision- the ability to perform precise,controlled movements involving large muscle groups.

Multi-limb coordination- the ability to coordinate the movement of several limbs at the same time.

Question 12

What is the display?

Answer 12

Physical enviroment or surrounding the performer which contains various stimuli.

Question 13

What are the receptors ?

Answer 13

Gathering information from the enviroment using senses, including sight, sound , touch and smell.

Question 14

What is stimulus identification?

Answer 14

Comparing it to long term memory and recognizing that information.

Question 15

How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?

Answer 15

Intrinsic- the desire to achieve from within

Extrinsic- The desire to achieve success for a reward on the outside.

Question 16

Why is intrinsic motivation better than extrinsic?

Answer 16

Intrinsic is better for a long-term drive.There is a sense of control. Athlete becomes greedy for money, may reduce the loss of motivation.

Question 17

Ways to minimize learning plateaus

Answer 17

setting of goals
mental rehearsal
provide feedback
make practices more varied

Question 18

In the closed loop theory, suggest two traces which are used to control movement

Answer 18

memory and perceptual

Question 19

How are these used to control movement?

Answer 19

Memory Trace - plan of action, based on experience
Perceptual Trace- controls current movement, improve with feedback
If they both work together- movement continues
If they mismatch- an error will occur during performance

Question 20

What are the functions of the short term sensory store ?

Answer 20

receives information from display from senses
there is too much information and information is filtered via selective attention.
Important info passed to STM

Question 21

What are the functions of the long-term memory?

Answer 21

Store of past experiences
meaningful information stored
metal image of movement to be performed
information from STM

Question 23

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 23

Trying to create the stimulus response bond e.g. trial and error
Increases the likelihood of the desired response, as learner associates consequence of previous action with current situation

Question 24

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 24

the removal of a negative stimuli, for example when a coach shouts and the team score, then the coach stops shouting.

Question 25

What are different types of reinforcement?

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement- Praising the right SR bond e.g. by scoring a goal Negative reinforcement-Removal of negative stimuli

Question 26

What is an Alternative for operant conditioning?

Answer 26

Punishment, weaken the wrong SR bond, shouting a player if they perform incorrectly.

Question 27

What are the two different types of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 27

Tangible- money, trophy's, medal | Intangible-Frame, praise, applause

Question 28

How to players use short-term memory to perform skills?

Answer 28

receives information from senses Selective attention filters information Compares to LTM Initiates motor programme

Question 29

Explain the difference between movement and reaction time

Answer 29

movement time- the time taken from the start of the movement to the completion reaction time- time taken from the onset of the movement to the start of the movement

Question 30

Why is choice reaction time more common in team games than simple reaction time?

Answer 30

choice- Numerous stimuli and response simple- one stimulus and one response games have open skills which need CRT and few SRT skills/ movements

Question 31

How to improve response time?

Answer 31

``` Intensity of stimuli Relevant practice Be at optimum arousal level Concentrate Mental rehearsal Improved reaction time ```

Question 32

What is meant by transfer?

Answer 32

Skill learnt in one activity effect another

Question 33

What are two examples of transfers?

Answer 33

positive- aids the learning of a new skill | negative- hinders the learning of a new skill

Question 34

Explain the functions of recognition schema

Answer 34

schema- a set of rules to help us make decisions about movement patterns sensory consequences- gathering sensory information e.g. weight and timing of a pass. Response outcome- gain information from outcome

Question 35

How should sport be taught in reference to Schmidt?

Answer 35

frequent feedback specific practice to activity teach simple skills firsthow does darn

Question 36

how does DARMM help the process of learning?

Answer 36

Attention- concentrate on role model (more if role model) Retention- mental picture of skill motor reproduction- must be able to complete the skill motivation- learners must want to learn (encouraged through positive feedback)

Question 37

How might a coach help a performer to retain a newly learned skill?

Answer 37

Frequent practice positive feedback transfer from previously learned skill

Question 38

Name the early and final stages of learning and describe characteristics

Answer 38

cognitive- manual guidance, demonstrations, basic feedback, praise Autonomous- small adjustment, motivation, intrinsic feedback

Question 39

Describe how feedback will change between these stages

Answer 39

more feedback correct own mistakes detailed more negative

Question 40

what is the single channel hypothesis?

Answer 40

only one stimulus can be processed at one time, second stimulus arrives before first is completed , cannot deal with second stimulus until first has been completed, slower response time. The psychological refractory period- is the delay in reaction caused

Question 41

what is selective attention?

Answer 41

learning to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant

Question 42

How can a coach improve a players selective attention?

Answer 42

``` Increase intensity of stimuli motivate athlete Learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli Mental rehearsal direct their attention to one aspect of the performance e.g. eye on the ball ```

Question 43

What does intrinsic motivation mean?

Answer 43

The desire to achieve success from within for example pride, enjoyment and fun

Question 44

What are the disadvantages of using extrinsic motivation?

Answer 44

Become dependant on it damage the love of the game may lead to loss of motivation if extrinsic reward is not achieved too much pressure

Question 45

Explain the functions of recall schema

Answer 45

prior to performances, initiates movement The initial condition- Information from environment, senses The response specification- knowing what to do