Select Diseases Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
The vast majority of microorganisms are _______. What follows is a list of diseases caused by one of the pathogenic microbes
A
nonpathogenic
2
Q
Zoonotic diseases make up the
A
majority of diseases
3
Q
How many new diseases are discovered per year?
A
5
4
Q
When something is specific or unique to that disease, it’s
A
Pathognomonic
5
Q
Top 8 zoonotic diseases in the US:
A
Influenza, Salmonella, West Nile, Plague, Rabies, Lyme, Brucellosis, SARS
6
Q
Agent basically means
A
Caused by
7
Q
Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Intense pain at infection site
Can spread up to 3 cm per hour
A
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria)
8
Q
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria)
A
Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Intense pain at infection site
Can spread up to 3 cm per hour
9
Q
Impetigo (pyoderma)
A
Agent: Staphylococcus aureus (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Oozing pus-filled vesicles
Erysipelas may occur
10
Q
Agent: Staphylococcus aureus (G+ coccus)
Symptoms: Oozing pus-filled vesicles
Erysipelas may occur
A
Impetigo (pyoderma)
11
Q
What is Erysipelas?
A
When the infection spreads from the vesicles to the lymph nodes. When this happens, it’s no longer considered Impetigo.
12
Q
Acne
A
Agent: Propionibacterium acnes (G+ bacillus)
Symptoms: Pustules within sebaceous glands
13
Q
Agent: Propionibacterium acnes (G+ bacillus)
Symptoms: Pustules within sebaceous glands
A
Acne
14
Q
Cat Scratch Fever
A
Agent: Bartonella henselae (Gram- bacillus)
Reservoir: Cat (mostly kittens)
15
Q
Agent: Bartonella henselae (Gram- bacillus)
Reservoir: Cat (mostly kittens)
A
Cat Scratch Fever
16
Q
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
A
Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii (Gram- bacillus)
Symptoms: Non-itchy spotted rash on palms/soles
Transmitted by a tick (reservoir)
17
Q
Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii (Gram- bacillus)
Symptoms: Non-itchy spotted rash on palms/soles
Transmitted by a tick (reservoir)
A
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
18
Q
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is most commonly seen in the South East/ Appalachian, including states such as:
A
Tennessee
North/South Carolina
Texas
Georgia
Mississippi
Alabama
Arkansas
Missouri
Florida
Kentucky
Louisiana
19
Q
Gas Gangrene
A
Agent: Clostridium perfringens (G+ anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus)
Transmitted by endospore
Symptoms: Death of tissue (Necrosis)
20
Q
Agent: Clostridium perfringens (G+ anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus)
Transmitted by endospore
Symptoms: Death of tissue (Necrosis)
A
Gas Gangrene
21
Q
Death of tissue
A
Necrosis
22
Q
Pseudomonas
A
Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- bacillus)
Symptoms: Pyocyanin (blue-green coloring)
a Nosocomial Infection
23
Q
Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G- bacillus)
Symptoms: Pyocyanin (blue-green coloring)
a Nosocomial Infection
A
Pseudomonas
24
Q
Smallpox
A
Agent: Variola virus (DNA virus)
Transmission: Inhalation
25
What are the stages of disease for smallpox?
1- macule
2- papule
3- vesicle
4- pustule
5- crust
6- scar
26
What is the first disease to be eradicated globally?
Smallpox
27
Chickenpox
Agent: Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Itchy rash
Transmission: Inhalation
28
With chickenpox, the _____ becomes ______(______) within ______ _____ _____
With chickenpox, the **virus** becomes **latent (dormant)** within **sensory nerve endings**
29
15-20% of individuals infected with chickenpox will experience a recurrence of a painful skin rash called ______. This is due to the _____ chickenpox found in sensory nerve endings. Typically occurs in the elderly. An interesting note about shingles is that...
15-20% of individuals infected with chickenpox will experience a recurrence of a painful skin rash called **shingles**. This is due to the **latent** chickenpox found in sensory nerve endings. Typically occurs in the elderly. An interesting note about shingles is that **if vaccinated for chickenpox, you should never get shingles**
30
Measles
Agent: Measles virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Koplik's spots
31
Botulism
Agent: Clostridium botulinum (Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus. Makes **neurotoxins**
32
Transmission of Botulism
Ingestion or wounds
33
3 different forms of botulism
- Foodborne (spores found in canned foods)
- Infant (develops from spores in intestines)
- Wound
34
Botulism: end result (foodborne, infant, and wound)
Paralysis
35
Floppy baby syndrome is caused by what disease
Botulism
36
Infants under 1 yr old should not consume
honey
37
Botulism: what does the neurotoxin actually do?
Prevents the release of Acetylcholine (ultimately leading to paralysis)
38
Clinical uses of Botulism
- Wrinkles
- Hyperhidrosis
- Migranes
39
Tetanus
Agent: Clostridium tetani (Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus. Makes a neurotoxin called **tetanospasmin**)
Symptoms: Lockjaw
40
What can be used to diagnose tetanus?
A Spatula test
41
Diagnosis/Treatment of Tetanus
Vaccine against tetanus called Tetanus Toxoid- neutralizes the toxin
42
How is tetanus transmitted
By an open wound
43
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
Agent: Poliovirus (RNA virus, naked)
44
Where do you still find polio today?
Pakistan and Nigeria
45
4 possible conditions of Polio (signs/symptoms)
Asymptomatic infections
Minor polio
Nonparalyic polio
Paralytic polio
46
Asymptomatic infections (polio):
almost 90% of cases
47
Minor polio
nonspecific symptoms like fever or headache
48
Nonparalytic polio
muscle spasms and back pain
49
Paralytic polio
produces paralysis by stopping action potential, recover in 6-24 months
50
The 4 possible conditions of polio all can lead to
Postpolio syndrome, a muscle deterioration 30-40 years after initial infection
51
Postpolio syndrome affects
80% of those who have had polio
52
Rabies
Agent: Rabies virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Hydrophobia
Diagnosis: Postmortem confirmation of diagnosis
53
2 types of rabies
Furious and paralytic
54
Highest incidence of rabies occurs in
**bats**, skunks, raccoons foxes, and domesticated
55
Treatment of rabies:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination for..
Post-exposure: Treated by injecting human rabies immunoglobulin. The important thing to note is that rabies is one of the..
Pre-exposure prophylaxis: Vaccination for high-risk individuals
Post-exposure: Rabies is one of the few diseases that uses a vaccine as part of treatment
56
Necrotizing Fasciitis is a
Gram positive coccus
57
Impetigo (pyoderma) is a
Gram positive coccus
58
Acne is a
Gram positive bacillus
59
Cat Scratch Fever is a
Gram negative bacillus
60
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a
Gram negative bacillus
61
Gas Gangrene is a
Gram positive anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus
62
Pseudomonas is a
Gram negative bacillus
63
Smallpox is a
DNA virus
64
Chickenpox is a
DNA virus, enveloped
65
Measles is a
RNA virus, enveloped
66
Botulism is a
Gram positive anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus
67
Tetanus is a
Gram positive anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus
68
Poliomyelitis (Polio) is a
RNA virus, naked
69
Rabies is a
RNA virus, enveloped
70
3 types of Meningitis:
Bacterial Meningitis
Viral Meningitis
Cryptococcal Meningitis
71
Bacterial Meningitis
Agent: Neisseria meningitidis (Gram negative coccus)
Symptoms: sudden high fever and stiff neck
Transmission: Inhalation
72
There are _____ _____ for Bacterial Meningitis. Vaccines are required for all students in Texas _____ under the age of ____
There are **vaccinations available** for Bacterial Meningitis. Vaccines are required for all students in Texas **colleges** under the age of **35**
73
Bacterial Meningitis/Neisseria meningitides is also known as _________
meningococcus
74
In Bacterial Meningitis, _________ releases ______ into the body which triggers an ____ _______
In Bacterial Meningitis, **blebbing** releases **lipid A** into the body which triggers an **inflammatory response**
75
Viral Meningitis
Agent: Coxsackie A virus (RNA virus, naked)
76
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
Symptoms: Prolonged cough
Transmission: **Inhalation** of spores found in **bird feces**
77
Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
Symptoms: Prolonged cough
Transmission: **Inhalation** of spores found in **bird feces**
Cryptococcal Meningitis
78
All 3 types of meningitis lead to
high fever and stiff neck
79
Encephalitis
Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Transmission:
Reservoir: **birds** and rodents
Vector: Mosquito
80
Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Transmission:
Reservoir: **birds** and rodents
Vector: Mosquito
Encephalitis
81
Virus that causes an Encephalitis
West Nile
82
Zika Virus
Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Microencephaly in newborn
83
Agent: Arbovirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Microencephaly in newborn
Zika Virus
84
Brucellosis
Agent: Brucella melitensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Undulating fever and Orchitis (enlarged testis)
Transmission: Ingestion of unpasteurized milk
85
Tularemia
Agent: Francisella tularensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Pus-filled lymph nodes
Transmission: Rabbit reservoir
86
Agent: Francisella tularensis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Symptoms: Pus-filled lymph nodes
Transmission: Rabbit reservoir
Tularemia
87
Tularemia is AKA
Rabbit fever
88
Plague
Agent: Yersinia pestis (Gram negative bacillus)
Transmission: Vector- fleas OR direct contact with reservoir (rodent)
89
2 forms of plague
Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague
90
Bubonic plague
- Buboes (enlarged painful lymph nodes)
91
Enlarged painful lymph nodes
Buboes
92
Pneumonic plague
- involves lungs
- can spread
93
Lyme Disease
Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirilla shaped)
Symptoms: Bull's eye rash and arthritis
Transmission: Vector- deer tick
94
With Lyme disease, the ______ tick is responsible for transmitting it to humans
nymph
95
Ebola Virus
Agent: Ebolavirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptom: Petechiae (small hemorrhages)
96
Ebola virus is categorized as a
BSL-4 pathogen
97
Malaria
Agent: Plasmodium (a protozoan)
Symptoms: Anemia, jaundice
Transmission: Vector- mosquito
98
Sickle cell provides resistance to what disease?
Malaria
99
Malaria life cycle:
Sporozoite
Merozoite
Trophozoite
100
Toxoplasmosis- 2 main groups of concern
pregnant women and AIDS patients
101
Toxoplasmosis
Agent: Toxoplasma gondii (a protozoan)
Symptoms: stillbirth and blindness
102
Transmission of Toxoplasmosis and reservoir
Transmission: ingestion of oocysts (feces) or pseudocysts (meat)
Reservoir: Cats
103
What's the concern with Toxoplasmosis?
The vertical transmission to fetus
104
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
Agent: Trypanosoma cruzi (a protozoan)
Symptoms: Heart failure
105
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease): transmission and reservoir
Transmission: Vector- Triatoma (kissing bug)
Reservoir: armadillo
106
Streptococcal Respiratory Disease
Agent: Streptococcus pyrogens (also causes Necrotizing fasciitis)
Sore throat
Can be detected with rapid strep test
107
Infectious Mononucleosis is also known as the
kissing disease
108
Infectious Mononucleosis
Agent: Epstein-Barr virus (DNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Sore throat with **fatigue**
109
Infectious Mononucleosis impacts
B cells
110
Long-term concern with Infectious Mononucleosis
Can lead to cancer (lymphoma)
111
Diphtheria
Agent: Corynebacterium Diptheria (G + bacillus)
Symptoms: presence of a **pseudomembrane**
Has a vaccine
112
The unique _____ with Diptheria is called _____
The unique **division** with Diphtheria is called **snapping**
113
Whooping Cough
Agent: Bordetella pertussis (Gram negative coccobacillus)
Has a vaccine
114
Stages of whooping cough
1. Incubation
2. Catarrhal
3. Paroxysmal
4. Convalescent
115
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Agent: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Rhinorrhea (runny nose)
116
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is also known as
Croup
117
Respiratory Syncytial Virus causes ______ to form in the lungs. This is defined as a..
syncytium= giant multinucleated cell as infected cells fuse
118
Tuberculosis is the
leading infectious disease cause of death worldwide
119
What is considered to be the next eradicated disease (after smallpox)?
Polio
120
Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a _______ ____ ____ which identifies ____
Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a **tuberculin skin test** which identifies **exposure**
121
Tuberculosis
Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms: Hemoptysis (coughing blood)
Vaccine is available in places where TB is common
122
Tuberculosis has a presence of ______ ____ in the _____ ____
Tuberculosis has a presence of **mycolic acid** in the **cell wall**
123
3 types of Tuberculosis:
Primary tuberculosis
Secondary tuberculosis
Disseminated tuberculosis
124
Tuberculosis treatment:
Directly
Observed
Treatment
Short course
125
Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome
Agent: Coronavirus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Symptoms: Anosmia
126
Influenza
Agent: Influenza virus (RNA virus, enveloped)
Treatment: Tamiflu
127
The envelope in influenza contains _______ and _______ molecules
Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
128
Peptic Ulcers
Agent: Helicobacter pylori (Gram negative)
Risk factors: Stress and NSAID
129
Viral Hepatitis: Five different viruses cause hepatitis. List whether RNA/DNA and naked/enveloped
Hepatitis A virus (RNA, naked)
Hepatitis B virus (DNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis C virus (RNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis delta virus (RNA, enveloped)
Hepatitis E virus (RNA, naked)
130
Symptom of Viral Hepatitis
Jaundice
131
Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
Interferon
132
Syphilis
Agent: Treponema pallidum (Gram-negative spirochete)
Symptoms: Chancre (hard painless lesion), blindness, and gummas
133
Four phases of syphilis (progresses from one to the next)
**Primary** syphilis- hard, painless lesion (*Chancre*)
**Secondary** syphilis- widespread rash (can include palms/soles)
**Latent** syphilis- asymptomatic
**Tertiary** syphilis- dementia, *blindness, gummas*
134
RNA, naked (hepatitis)
Hepatitis E and Hepatitis A
135
RNA, enveloped (hepatitis)
Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis delta virus
136
DNA, enveloped (hepatitis)
Hepatitis B
