Chapter 1- History

Question 1

Bacteria

Answer 1

Unicellular, prokaryote
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycans

Requires sufficient moisture
Obtains energy through organic molecules or photosynthesis or inorganic molecules (nitrogen/phosphorus)

Question 2

Mineralization

Answer 2

Conversion of organic chemicals into inorganic form by microorganisms

Question 3

Pasteur

Answer 3

Disproved the idea of spontaneous generation/abiogenesis

Found what caused fermentation; discovered process now called “pasteurization”

Question 4

Fungi

Answer 4

Unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes
Obtains energy by decomposing dead organisms
Can be pathogenic (ringworm)

ex: Mold (multicellular) and Yeast (unicellular)

Question 5

Small Multicellular Organisms

Answer 5

Multicellular eukaryotes
Adult worms can be visible to the naked eye, but immature stages are microscopic

Question 6

Only a few microorganisms are pathogenic (_______). They invade a ______- this can be humans, other animals, or plants

Answer 6

disease-causing
susceptible host

Question 7

Protozoa

Answer 7

Unicellular eukaryotes
Mobile

Found in water, some live in hosts
AKA: Parasites
Ex: Malaria

Question 8

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 8

“Father of Microbiology”
1st to observe live microorganisms (through his magnifying lenses)

Question 9

Viruses

Answer 9

Only seen with electron microscope
Acellular

Obligatory parasite: only can reproduce inside the host cell they infect

Question 10

Prokaryote

Answer 10

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 11

Nightingale

Answer 11

Nursing and hygiene

Question 12

6 subgroups of microorganisms

Answer 12

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals

Question 13

Antibiotics (definition)

Answer 13

Chemicals naturally produced by bacteria or fungi to kill/inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

Question 14

Pasteurization

Answer 14

Process of heating it just enough to kill spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms.

Doesn’t alter the quality of food

Question 15

Agricultural Microbiology:
Microorganisms as _____:
Microorganisms in the _____:
+ elements

Answer 15

Insecticides: some Bacillus are insect pathogens
Soil: soil fertility which largely depends on Nitrogen and Phosphorus (inorganic)

Question 16

Ehrlich

Answer 16

Magic bullets (antibiotics)

Question 17

How was abiogenesis disproved / what was the significance of the flask?

Answer 17

1. Boiling it
2. The shape/ the fact that it was a swan-neck flask

Question 18

Bacteria vs Yeast Fermentation

Answer 18

Bacteria- ferments into an acid
Yeast- ferments into alcohol

Question 19

Many diseases were discovered from ____-____
“Age of Microbiology”

Answer 19

1880s-1900

Question 20

Koch

Answer 20

Proved microorganisms might cause disease: Germ Theory of Disease

Discovered that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax
Koch Postulates

Question 21

Jenner

Answer 21

Responsible for 1st vaccination (against smallpox)

He was aware that infection actually produced immunity

Question 22

Archaea

Answer 22

Unicellular, prokaryote
Cell wall

Found in extreme conditions
Not pathogenic to humans

Question 23

The chemical names of antibiotics

Answer 23

Penicillium notatum
Streptomyces

Question 24

Microbiology

Answer 24

The study of microorganisms

Question 25

Fleming

Answer 25

Discovered the 1st antibiotic to treat disease

Question 26

Protozoa/parasite consequences

Answer 26

Host is harmed, parasite benefits

Question 27

3 areas of microbiology

Answer 27

Industrial Agricultural Enviornmental

Question 28

Industrial Microbiology: Food Industry preserves food with ____ and ____

Answer 28

Lactic acid bacteria and yeast

Question 29

Abiogenesis

Answer 29

Spontaneous generation theory that living things came from nonliving matter

Question 30

Yeasts

Answer 30

Fermentation- makes wine,, beer, and bread

Question 31

4 primary questions in early years of microbiology

Answer 31

1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? 2. What causes fermentation? 3. What causes disease? 4. How can we prevent infection and disease?

Question 32

Protozoa move by one of three methods:

Answer 32

Pseudopods Cilia Flagellum

Question 33

Linnaeus

Answer 33

Responsible for the binomial system of nomenclature (naming system) DKPCOF Genus Species

Question 34

Difference between Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 34

Archea has a cell wall, but its not made of peptidoglycans

Question 35

Lister

Answer 35

Antiseptic technique

Question 36

Algae is not typically _____ but there's 2 exceptions:

Answer 36

Pathogenic 1. An immunosuppressed person 2. Algae Bloom

Question 37

Koch's Postulates ( general definition)

Answer 37

All criteria must be met to be said that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease

Question 38

Types of eukaryotes

Answer 38

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Small multicellular animals

Question 39

Industrial Microbiology- Vitamins and Antibiotics

Answer 39

Makes vitamins C, B2, and B12

Question 40

Semmelweis

Answer 40

Handwashing

Question 41

Included in the group of small multicellular organisms are _____, which are ______. Two types of disease causing ___: 1. 2.

Answer 41

Helminths Parasitic Worms 1. Roundworms 2. Flatworms

Question 42

Lactic acid Bacteria

Answer 42

The acid produced by this is used to inhibit growth How food is preserved

Question 43

Environmental Microbiology: Microorganisms _____ ____ by removing most organic chemicals during ____ treatment. This process is known as _______

Answer 43

Recycle water Sewage Bioremidiation

Question 44

Algae

Answer 44

Unicellular/Multicellular, eukarytotic Photosynthetic (chloroplasts) Important in ecology/enviornment Not usually pathogenic

Question 45

3 groups of Archaea

Answer 45

Thermophiles (heat) Halophiles (salt) Methanogens (methane)

Question 46

Bioinsecticides

Answer 46

Uses bacteria as a natural pest control