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Microbiology > Chapter 10- Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment with chemical substances

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2
Q

Drug

A

affects physiology

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3
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases

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4
Q

Penicillin

A

Used to treat bacterial infections

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5
Q

Bactericidal

A

They kill microorganisms directly

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6
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

They inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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7
Q

Semisynthetic

A

chemically altered antibiotics, partially man-made

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8
Q

Synthetic

A

Antibiotics that are manufactured in lab

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9
Q

Selective Toxicity

A
  • Drug will only affect microorganisms without damaging human
  • Mechanism of action will affect cell structure or metabolism but not both
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10
Q

5 ways an antimicrobial drug can kill/prevent microorganisms

A
  1. The inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. The inhibition of protein synthesis
  3. Disruption of the plasma membrane
  4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  5. Inhibiting metabolic pathways
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11
Q

The inhibition of cell wall synthesis

and why are these not toxic to humans?

A
  • Prevents the cross-linkage of NAM in the peptidoglycan layer (affects tetrapeptide bonds)
  • Bacertial cell undergoes lysis due to movement of water

Humans don’t have cell walls

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12
Q

The inhibition of protein synthesis

A
  • Targets the 70S ribosomes (either the 30S or 50S subunit)
  • Targets translation
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13
Q

Disruption of the plasma membrane

A
  • Some antifungal drugs combine with ergosterol to damage the cell membrane
  • Effective in fungal infections
  • Humans are susceptible, but not bacteria
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14
Q

Ergosterol

A

similar in composition to cholesterol which is found in gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A
  • Blocks DNA replication or RNA transcription
  • Affects both eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells
  • Can damage the human host cell
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16
Q

Inhibiting metabolic pathways:
In order to produce DNA/RNA, bacteria need _____ _____. ____ disrupts DNA/RNA _______, but humans ______________

A
  • Bacteria need folic acid
  • PABA
  • Humans do not use PABA and therefore have minimal toxicity to these medications
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17
Q

6th method- _____ ______, which..

A

Attachment antagonists- blocks viral attachment of receptor proteins

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18
Q

Which antibiotics are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin, Penicillin derivatives, and Cephalosproins

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19
Q

All penicillins have a _____ _____ structure containing a _____ _____ _____

A

All pencillins have a common core structure containing a beta-lactam ring

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20
Q

So, _____ _____ are..

A

Beta lactams are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

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21
Q

Natural Penicillin exs and mech. of action

A

Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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22
Q

The original compound of all the penicillins is

A

Penicillin G

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23
Q

Natural Penicillin advantages

A

Inexpensive
Usually not toxic
Good against gram +

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24
Q

Natural Penicillin disadvantages

A

Narrow spectrum of activity
Susceptible to penicillinase (AKA beta lactamase)

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25
Q

Penicillin G is normally _____, and penicillin V can be ____ ____

A

Penicillin G is normally injected because if taken orally, penicillin G is destroyed by stomach acids

Penicillin V is stable in stomach acids and can be taken orally

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26
Q

Semisynthetic Penicillin- was developed by

A

by chemically adding a synthetic side chain to the common core structure of the natural penicillin

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27
Q

Semisynthetic Penicillin (3 points)

A
  • More readily absorbed
  • Less susceptible to deactivation by beta-lactamase
  • Broader-spectrum of activity
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28
Q

Types of semisynthetic penicillins

A
  • Oxacillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Methicillin
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29
Q

Oxacillin

A

Semisynthetic penicillin that’s resistant to penicillinase (beta lactamase)

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30
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Semisynthetic penicillin that was developed to have a broader spectrum of activity

Effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias

Not resistant to penicillinase

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31
Q

Example of a hospital acquired disease

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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32
Q

Methicillin

A

Used in description of antibiotic resistance (MRSA)

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33
Q

_______ differ from natural penicillins in that they are ____ to penicillinases and are _____ against more ___–_____ bacteria

A

Cephalosporins differ from natural penicillins in that they are resistant to penicillinases and are effective against more gram-negative bacteria

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34
Q

Polypeptide Antibiotics include ____ and _______

A

Bacitracin and Vancomycin

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35
Q

Bacitracin

A
  • Effective against gram +
  • Use is for topical applications
36
Q

Bacitracin is still a ____ ____ ____ but is NOT a ____ _____

A

Bacitracin is still a cell wall inhibitor but is NOT a beta lactam

37
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • Derived from Streptomyces
  • Last line of antibiotic defense for Staphylocccos infections that are resistant to other antibiotics
  • NOT a beta lactam
38
Q

Antimycobacterial Antibiotic works against _______ which is

A

Mycobacteria which is an acid-fast bacteria (waxy cell walls)

39
Q

Example of antimycobacterial antibiotic and 2 points

A

Isoniazid: -inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
- NOT beta lactam

40
Q

All the ones that are cell wall inhibitors but not beta lactams:

A

Polypeptide Antibiotics- bacitracin and vancomycin
Antimycobacterial Antibiotics- Isoniazid

41
Q

Inhibitors of proteins synthesis: all exs

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
42
Q

Chloramphenicol

A
  • Blocks polypeptide formation on 50S subunit
  • Side effect: bone marrow suppression
43
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • Disrupts the 30S subunit shape
  • Good against gram-negative
44
Q

Types of Aminoglycosides

A

Streptomycin
Neomycin
Gentamicin

45
Q

Streptomycin

A

Treats tuberculosis
Inhibitor of protein synthesis

46
Q

Neomycin

A

Topical ointment
Inhibitor of protein synthesis

47
Q

Gentamicin

A

Useful against Pseudomonas infections
Inhibitor of protein synthesis

48
Q

Aminoglycoside side effects

A
  • Ototoxic (deafness)
  • Nephrotoxic (kidneys)
49
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Blocks the trna site
  • Broad spectrum
  • Use in young is not recommended to avoid toxicity
50
Q

Tetracyclines toxicity can lead to

A

Teeth discoloration

51
Q

Tetracyclines example

A

Doxycycline

52
Q

Macrolides

A
  • Attaches to 50S subunit blocking the movement of mRNA
  • ex: erythromycin and azithromycin
  • Side effect: Heart
53
Q

What is often used as a penicillin substitute for the treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal infections in children.?

A

Erythromycin

54
Q

Disruption of the plasma membrane examples

A

Polymyxin B and Azoles

55
Q

Polymyxin B

A

Topical uses
Effective against gram negative

56
Q

Azoles

A
  • Disrupting the ergosterol of fungi can result in channel formation in the cell membrane
  • Toxicity: Hepatotoxic
57
Q

Types of azoles end with ____

A

fluconazole
ketoconazole
itraconazole

58
Q

Neosporin is made up of

A

Polymyxin B (damage the bacterial plasma membrane), bacitracin (inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall), and neomycin (inhibit the synthesis of bacterial protein)

59
Q

Inhibitors of nucleic acid syntheisis

A

Fluroquinolones
Rifampina
Novobiocin

60
Q

Rifampina

A

Disrupts RNA polymerase function

61
Q

Novobiocin

A

inhibits DNA gyrase

62
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  • Inhibit DNA gyrase
  • Ex: Ciprofloxacin, for anthrax infections
    Side effects: impacts joints
63
Q

Inhibiting metabolic pathways

A

Sulfonamides (sulfa) drug

64
Q

Sulfonamides (sulfa) drug

A
  • Disrupts PABA
  • Includes trimethoprim and sulfonamides
  • Side affect: skin rash
65
Q

When determining which of the above medications to administer several things must be considered.

A
  1. Spectrum of activity
  2. Effectiveness
  3. Route of administration
  4. Saftey/side effects
66
Q

Effectiveness can be determined by a

A

diffusion susceptibility test

67
Q

Which spectrum of action may allow for secondary or superinfections

A

Broad

68
Q

The use of antibiotics has not _____ resistance but rather has ______ for it

A

The use of antibiotics has not produced resistance but rather has selected for it

69
Q

Multiple resistance

A

resistance to many drugs simultaneously

70
Q

Cross-resistance

A

resistance to drugs of similar action

71
Q

Multiple resistance is often referred to as a

A

superbug

72
Q

Resistance by bacteria is acquired 2 ways:

A
  • New mutations of chromosomal genes
  • Acquisition of R plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation
73
Q

How to prevent drug resistance

A
  • Use antimicrobials only when necessary
  • Patients must complete the medication
  • Researchers can continue to work on semisynthetic/synthetic antimicrobials
  • Develop new variations of existing drugs
74
Q

Antimicrobials often work best ________ in a multimodal treatment

A

Antimicrobials often work best synergistically in a multimodal treatment

75
Q

Physicians must consider

A
  1. How antimicrobial agent will be distributed
  2. Patient abilities
76
Q

Routes of administration

A
  • Topical application (external injections)
  • Oral (no needles)
  • Intramuscular administration (needle into muscle)
  • Intravenous administration (directly into bloodstream)
  • Subcutaneous (injected under skin)
77
Q

What is responsible for conjugation?

A

Fertility gene (F factor)

78
Q

What does F+ mean?

A

The F factor is located on the F plasmid and they can form the pilus

79
Q

What is the name for the cell that the plasma is embedded in the chromosome?

A

Hfr

80
Q

What is the difference between fertility in a plasmid vs in the chromosome?

If it’s F+,

A

The recipient who was F- becomes F+ and no other chromosome gets transferred

81
Q

What is the difference between fertility in a plasmid vs in the chromosome?

If it’s Hfr,

A

They stay F-, but other chromosome does transfer

82
Q

The ____ ___ is not part of the lac operon. It just controls it

A

regulatory gene

83
Q

In the absence of tryptophan, the tryptophan operon is transcribed. T/F

A

True

84
Q

The general term for a virus that attacks the prokaryote

A

Bacteriophage

85
Q

A prokaryote that is F+,

A

can make a pilus

86
Q

T/F
An Hfr prokaryote transfers the entire plasmid to the recipient

A

False- it only transfers a section of the chromosome

Microbiology (17 decks)

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