Self, Personality, & Motivation

Question 1

markus and kitayama’s two basic models of self concept

Answer 1

independent view of self
interdependent view of self

Question 2

independent view of self

Answer 2

derives its identity from inner attributes

Question 3

characteristics of independent view of self

Answer 3

self view is separated from relationships

stable accross situations

fluid between ingoups and outgroups

Question 4

interdependent view of self

Answer 4

identity is fundamentally connected to important relationships

Question 5

characteristics of interdependent view of self

Answer 5

self is defined by social relationships/roles

flexible across life situations

clear ingroup-outgroup distinction

Question 6

How are relationships characterized for individuals with an independent self?

Answer 6

Relationships form/dissolve easily, less impact on self-identity.

Larger social networks, less distress when relationships fade.

Ingroup-outgroup boundaries are fluid (high relational mobility

Question 7

How are relationships characterized for individuals with an interdependent self?

Answer 7

Ingroup-outgroup distinctions determine obligations

Hard to join an ingroup; ingroup members rarely lose status.

Stable ingroup-outgroup boundaries (low relational mobility).

Question 8

high vs low relational mobility

Answer 8

high mobility - fluid movement between ingoup and outgroup

low mobility - stable boudaries between ingroup and outgroup

Question 9

What is the empirical evidence for ingroup-outgroup differences between Asian Americans and European Americans?

Answer 9

Asian Americans: Better at identifying close friends’ emotions.

European Americans: Better at recognizing strangers’ emotions.

Americans: Higher trust in strangers than Japanese.

Question 10

Where do independent views of self typically emerge?

individualistic or collectivist cultures?

Answer 10

individualistic cultures

Question 11

where do interdependent views of self typically emerge?

Answer 11

collectivistic cultures

Question 12

key characteristics of individualistic cultures

Answer 12

foster independence

value distinctiveness from other and self-sufficiency

Question 13

key characteristics of collectivistic cultures

Answer 13

foster interdependence

value close relationships

Question 14

regional differences in collectivism in the US

most vs least collectivistic areas

Answer 14

most collectivistic: confederate south and hawaii

least collectivistic: Mountain West, Great Plains, Northeast, Midwest

Question 15

how does higher socioeconomic status (SES) affect self concepts?

Answer 15

more individualism and independent self concepts

Question 16

how does lower SES affect self concepts?

Answer 16

more collectivism and interdependent self concept

Question 17

why is it important to not diversity when discussing cultural concepts?

Answer 17

Independent/interdependent self-concepts are on a continuum, not a dichotomy.

Cultural findings reflect averages, not absolute rules.

Individualism/collectivism dimensions correlate with traits that vary across cultures.

Question 18

how many personality trait words exist in the english language?

Answer 18

approx. 18,000 words

Question 19

what is factor analysis of personality trait words?

Answer 19

a simplifies, readable version that groups correlated traits together

Question 20

what does the five factor model of personality include?

(memory note: OCEAN)

Answer 20

openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 21

limitations of the big five

Answer 21

based on english terms

research is mainly done on WEIRD samples

Question 22

in many non-WEIRD cultures, personality is better explained by which two factors?

Answer 22

prosociality
industriousness

Question 23

prosociality

Answer 23

actions that benefit others or society (eg. helping, sharing, cooperating)

Question 24

industriousness

Answer 24

hardworking, diligent, and committed to completing tasks or achieving goals

Question 25

how do motivations for making choices differ across north american and non-western cultures

Answer 25

north american - emphasize personal choice non-western - important decisions are made by close others for the group benefit

Question 26

how do indian and US perceptions of choice differ

Answer 26

indian - take longer to decide and respond less negatively to denied choices american - make decisions faster and see more actions

Question 27

the paradox of choice

Answer 27

preference for having many choices by to many choices can be harmful

Question 28

effects of paradox of choice

Answer 28

Deplete mental resources. Increase stress and regret. Reduce persistence and cause mistakes.

Question 29

define learned helplessness

Answer 29

feeling powerless/unable to avoid unpleasant events, leading to stress and depression

Question 30

How do motivations for conformity and uniqueness differ across collectivistic and individualistic cultures?

Answer 30

conformity: stronger in collectivistic cultures uniqueness: stronger in individualistic cultures

Question 31

what did the Asch conformity study show?

Answer 31

75% conformed and gave incorrect answers to a line task after

Question 32

pen study for conformity (kim and markus)

Answer 32

asians chose majority coloureded pens americans chose minority coloured pens

Question 33

define self enhancement

Answer 33

motivation to view oneself positively

Question 34

define self esteem

Answer 34

positive overall evaluation of oneself

Question 35

what is self serving bias?

Answer 35

tendency to exaggerate positive characterisitics

Question 36

5 strategies for maintaining positive self perceptions

Answer 36

1. down ward social comparison 2. compensatory self enhancement 3. discounting 4. external attributions 5. basking in reflected glory

Question 37

what is compesatory self enhancement?

Answer 37

acknowledging negative feedback and focusing on strengths

Question 37

what is downward social comparison?

Answer 37

comparing oneself to someone worse of

Question 38

what is disounting?

Answer 38

downplaying the importance of the attribute

Question 39

what is external attributions?

Answer 39

blaming failures on external factors

Question 40

what is basking in reflected glory?

Answer 40

emphasizing connections with successful others

Question 41

what is "face" in a cultural self-improvement context?

Answer 41

social value given by others for fullfilling obligations and expectations easier to lose than it is to gain

Question 42

how to maintain face

Answer 42

1. self improvement 2. prevention orientation 3. promotion orientation 4. paying attention to others perspectives

Question 43

prevention orientation

Answer 43

striving to avoid negative outcomes

Question 44

promotion orientation

Answer 44

striving to acheive positive outcomes

Question 45

what are the two implicit theories of self

Answer 45

incremental and entity theory of self

Question 46

incremental theory of self

Answer 46

growth mindset the belief that abilities and traits are malleable and can improve

Question 47

entity theory of self

Answer 47

fixed mindset the belief that abilities and trained are fixed and innate

Question 48

how does incremental theory predict response to failure?

Answer 48

focus on effort and strategies

Question 49

how do entity theories predict responses to failure?

Answer 49

blame innate inability

Question 50

which theories of self are more common in independent and interdependent cultures?

Answer 50

incremental theory of self - common in interdependent self concepts entity theory of self - more common in independent self concepts

Question 51

what is the incremental theory of the world?

Answer 51

the world is flexible and can respond to effort to change it

Question 52

what is the entity theory of the world?

Answer 52

the world is fixed and beyond an individuals ability to change it

Question 53

what is primary control (internal locus)?

Answer 53

Changing existing realities to fit one’s perceptions, goals, or desires

Question 54

what is secondary control (external locus)?

Answer 54

aligning oneself with existing realities by controlling their psychological impact