Sem 1 Exam Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
IV
A
condition that experimenter systematically manipulates; measure its effect on DV
2
Q
DV
A
observed or measured; effected by experimental condition; used to measure effect of IV
3
Q
research hypothesis
A
prediction about the interaction between the IV, DV & population
4
Q
operational hypothesis
A
testable prediction that explains how variables in an experiment will be measured and manipulated; states the population
5
Q
participants
A
the people or animals used in the study
6
Q
population
A
the entire group of people belonging to a particular category that is of research interest
7
Q
sample
A
a group of participants selected from a population of research interest
8
Q
random allocation
A
every member of the sample has an equal chance of being assigned to either the control or the experimental group
9
Q
experimental group
A
group that is exposed to the experimental conditions; IV present
10
Q
control group
A
group that is exposed to the control conditions; IV absent
11
Q
extraneous variable EV
A
any variable other than the IV that causes a change in the DV, and therefore its effects may have an unwanted effect on the experiment
12
Q
confounding effect
A
occurs when an EV changes the results
13
Q
confounding variable
A
a variable other than the IV that causes a change in the DV, and therefore its effects may be confused with those of the IV in the study
14
Q
placebo
A
a fake drug or treatment that is used in an experiment so that neither group knows who is being exposed to the experimental condition
15
Q
placebo effect
A
change in the participants behaviour due to their expectations regarding the treatment they’re receiving
16
Q
single-blind procedure
A
participants don’t know whether they are in the control or experimental group
17
Q
experimenter effect
A
EV; experimenter influence causes change in participants behaviour
18
Q
double-blind procedure
A
participants and effect don’t know who is in control or experimental group
19
Q
convenience sampling
A
selection of participants based on easy accessibility and availability
20
Q
random sampling
A
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected into a sample
21
Q
case study
A
involves an extensive, in-detail investigation on a singular person or small group of people
22
Q
longitudinal study
A
investigation taken over a long period of time
23
Q
observational study
A
individual watching group of people in natural environment and recording observations about their behaviour
24
Q
observer bias
A
observers sees what he wants to or expects to see
25
self-report
individuals comment on their own thoughts, emotions and beliefs
26
data
info collected in studies, investigation and experiments
27
subjective data
observations on behaviour or self-reports
28
objective data
controlled conditions
29
qualitative data
describes changes in quality of behaviour; words
30
quantitative data
numerical data
31
validity
does it measure what its designed to measure
32
reliability
does it measure what its designed to measure consistently
33
conclusion
decision or judgment about meaningfulness of results
34
generalisation
finds of one experiment are applied to an entire population
35
ethics
standard of conduct
CVIDDW: Caitlin Valked Into De Drive Way: Confidentiality, Voluntary participation, Informed consent procedures, Deception, Debriefing, With-drawl rights
36
confidentiality
not to use or disclose info
37
deception
participants deliberately misled or not fully informed; must be followed by debriefing
38
withdrawal rights
right to withdraw at any time with no reason
39
informed consent procedures
voluntary choice of participants; understanding consequences
40
voluntary participation
voluntary consent to be involved
41
debriefing
clarifying each participants understanding of nature of research
42
CNS
brain and spinal cord; regulate, coordinate and control body's major functions
43
brain
command centre; coordination of all conscious and unconscious activities
44
spinal cord
controls message between brain and body; enables reflex arc
45
PNS
everything but brain and spinal cord; carry info to and from rest of body; somatic and autonomic
46
somatic nervous system
sense organs to CNS; skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movement
47
sensory (a) neuron
body and senses to CNS
48
motor (e) neuron
CNS to muscles glands and organs
49
autonomic nervous system
automatic, involuntary operations with internal body functions; sympathetic and parasympathetic
50
sympathetic nervous system
heightens activity for action
51
parasympathetic nervous system
relaxes body after action; back to homeostasis
52
neuron
nerve cell
53
dendrites
receive info form neurons and bring to new one
54
axon
carry away from soma to other neuron
55
myelin sheath
insulate axon
56
axon terminal
end; secretes neurotransmitters
57
interneurons
only in CNS; connect sensory and motor
58
glial cells
provide insulation, nutrients and support for neural function; astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia, schwann cells
59
astrocytes
star; structural support for neurons; hold neurons in place
60
microglia
protect neurons from intruders
61
oligodendroglia
insulate neurons in CNS
62
schwann cells
insulate neurons in PNS
63
hind brain
base of brain, around brain stem; includes cerebellum, medulla, pons
64
cerebellum
cauliflower; base of brain; coordinates fine muscle movements, regulates posture and balance
65
medulla
continuation of spinal cord; controls vital body functions for survival; swallowing, breathing
66
pons
above medulla; sleep, dreaming, arousal from sleep, breathing and coordination of some muscle movements
67
midbrain
connects upper and lower brain areas; movement, processing visual, auditory and tactile sensory info, sleep and arousal; reticular formation
68
reticular formation
centre of mid and hind brain; screen incoming info, alerts higher brain centres, maintain consciousness, regulates arousal and muscle tone
69
forebrain
above midbrain, top of brain; regulates cognitive processes such as thinking, learning, memory and perception, emotion and personality; hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum
70
hypothalamus
maintain body's internal environment; regulate hormones; hunger thirst sleep
71
thalamus
filters info from sensory receptors and passes it to relevant areas for further processing
72
cerebrum
above and infant of cerebellum; outer cerebral cortes; everything we consciously think, feel and do
73
cerebral cortex
outer layer of brain; complex mental abilities (learning, memory, language, think and problem solving), sensory processing and voluntary behaviours
74
hemispheric specialisation
work together
75
left hemisphere
verbal (language), analytic (logic); right side; rational, logical and factual, reading and writing
76
right hemisphere
non-verbal actions; spatial and visual thinking, recognise faces, patterns and tunes; left side
77
corpus callosum
connects left and right hemispheres
78
frontal lobe
largest, forehead; controls emotions, personality, reasoning and planning; contains primary motor cortex & broca's
79
primary motor cortex
frontal lobe; voluntary bodily movements, skeletal muscles; back strip of frontal
80
broca's area
left frontal lobe; production of articulate speech; movements of muscles required for speech; speaking and writing
81
parietal lobe
behind frontal lobe, middle; receives and processes sensory info; spatial perception, bodily awareness based on sense; contains primary somatosensory cortex
82
primary somatosensory cortex
partial lobe; receives and processes sensory info; enables us to perceive bodily sensations
83
occipital lobe
back of head; enables vision and perception; contains primary visual cortex
84
primary visual cortex
occipital lobe; processes info from sight to form perception
85
temporal lobe
top of ears; auditory perception, memory, visual perception, emotional responses; contains primary auditory cortex & wernicke's
86
primary auditory cortex
receives and processes sound from ears
87
wernicke's area
left temporal lobe; understanding meanings of words, comprehension of words and interpreting sound
88
myelination
growth and development of myelin sheath around axons; increase brain size
89
synaptogenesis
formation of new synapses
90
synaptic pruning
eliminating synaptic connections; 'fine tunes' neural connections
91
what is the very last part of the brain to mature
prefrontal cortex; frontal lobe
92
biological changes; frontal lobe injury
physical, motor activities; facial expression
93
physiological changes; frontal lobe injury
emotional, personal, cognition; impact on behaviour
94
emotional changes; frontal lobe injury
apathy, lack of emotional responsiveness
95
social changes; frontal lobe injury
personality, inappropriate behaviour; difficult new realtionships
96
spatial neglect
fail to notice anything of left side; rear of partial lobe in right hemisphere; unaware left side is there
97
plasticity
ability to brains neural structure or function to be changed by experience; life long
98
adaptive plasticity
adjustment to experience; compensation for lost or damaged: rerouting, sprouting, recovered functions, rehab
99
rerouting
undamaged neuron has lost connection with an active neurone -> connect with new active neuron
100
sprouting
growth of new bushier synapses to make more connections
101
recovered functions
functions reassigned to other undamaged areas of the brain to compensate
102
rehabilitation
recovery process
103
parkinson's disease
progressive neurological disorder, degeneration of neurons; motor and non-motor symptoms
104
Development
Changes that occur over time
105
Areas of development
Physical
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
106
Physical development
The body and its systems
107
Social development
Relationships with other people and their skills interacting
108
Cognitive development
Mental abilities
109
Emotional development
Experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with
110
What areas of development are collectively psychological development?
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
111
continuous development
gradual and ongoing change without sudden shifts - slope
112
discontinuous development
distinct and seperate, step-like stages, different kinds of abilities occurring at each stage - steps
113
hereditary (nature)
genetics - characteristics from biological parents to their offspring
114
environmental (nurture)
post birth - all experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our lifetime
115
maturation
the orderly and sequential developmental changes which occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by our genes
116
principle of readiness
unless the necessary bodily structures and processes are sufficiently mature then no amount of practise will produce the particular mental process or behaviour
117
sensitive period
an individual is more responsive to certain types of environmental experiences or learning
118
critical period
an organism is most vulnerable to deprivation or absence of certain environmental experiences or stimuli; have identifiable start and finish time; e.g. imprinting
119
attachment
refers to the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person
120
secure attachment
balance between dependence and exploration
121
insecure attachment
infant doesn't seek closeness or contact with the caregiver and treats them much like a stranger
122
insecure resistant attachment
infant appears anxious even when the caregiver is near; cannot depend on caregiver
123
factors than influence attachment
genetics, temperament, early life experiences
124
attachment - genetics
inherit a capability to form an attachment
125
attachment - temperament
our characteristic way of reacting to people, objects and events
126
attachment - early life experiences
sensitivity and responsiveness of caregiver; strength and type of attachment
127
harlow
1950s; monkeys; comfort is a more important form of attachment
128
adaption
taking in, processing, organising and using new info to adjust to changes in environment
129
assimilation
taking in new info an fitting in into pre-existing
130
accomodation
changing preexisting to fit new
131
piagets stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor 0-2
pre-operational 2-7
concrete operational 7-12
formal operational 12+
132
sensorimotor stage (0-2)
senses and motor activities; object permanence, goal-directed behaviour
133
object permanence
sensorimotor; object still exists even if you can't see it
134
goal-directed behaviour
sensorimotor; perform and successfully complete sequence of actions with a purpose
135
pre-operational stage (2-7)
think and imagine in their own mind; symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism, transformation, centration, reversibility
136
symbolic thinking
pre-operational; use symbols to represent things that aren't physically present
137
egocentrism
pre-operational; perceive the world from another point of view
138
animism
pre-operational; everything that exists has some type of consciousness
139
transformation
pre-operational; things can change from one state to another
140
centration
pre-operational; focus on one quality or feature or something at a time
141
reversibility
pre-operational; follow sequence of events back to starting point
142
concrete operational stage (7-12)
true logical thought; conservation, classification
143
conservation
concrete operational; remain the same even when appearance changes
144
classification
concrete operational; organise into categories
145
formal operational stage (12+)
more complex thinking; abstract thinking, idealistic thinking
146
abstract thinking
formal operational; think about something without being able to see, visualise, experience or manipulate to understand
147
idealistic thinking
formal operational; comparing to an ideal and striving
148
atypical development
development thats not typical; differs from what is usual or appropriate
149
typical behaviour
person acts as they usually do
150
atypical behaviour
person acts in usual ways; 'out of character'
151
normality
pattern of thoughts, feelings or behaviour that is usual, typical or expected
152
what factors define normality
socio-cultural, functional, historical, medical, statistical, situational
153
socio-cultural approach to normality
thoughts, feelings and behaviours appropriate in a particular society or culture; e.g. middle east clothing
154
functional approach to normality
able to cope living independently, 'function' in society; e.g. disability
155
historical approach to normality
depends on era or period of time
156
medical approach to normality
abnormal; underlying biological cause; can be diagnosed and treated; e.g. depression
157
statistical approach to normality
distributed in large group; normal distribution; e.g. bell curve
158
situational approach to normality
considered normal in a particular situation; e.g. scream in groups
159
adaptive behaviour
individual can adapt to daily life and hence independently
160
maladaptive behaviour
interferes with the persons ability to carry out their usual activities in an effective way
161
mental health
capacity of an individual to interact with others and the environment in a way that promotes subjective wellbeing, optimal development
162
mental health problem
major negative life events occur and more serious problems arise; not very long lasting
163
mental disorder
psychological disorder that significantly interferes with an individuals cognitive, emotional and social abilities; lasts longer
164
biopsychosocial framework
describers interaction between biological, psychological and social factors to impact a persons physical and mental health
