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Psychology U1/2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

aim

A

a research question

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a thoughtful prediction about the results that will be obtained when it is tested

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3
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated in order to test its effect on the dependent variable

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4
Q

dependent variable

A

variable chosen to measure in order to asses the effects of the IV

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5
Q

extraneous variable

A

any other variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV and therefore effect the results in an unwanted way

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6
Q

population

A

the entire group of research interest from which a sample can be drawn. all people to whom the hypothesis applies

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7
Q

brain vs heart debate

A

the argument over whether the brain or the heart control the mental processes within the body

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8
Q

heart hypothesis

A

belief that mental processes are located in the heart

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9
Q

brain hypothesis

A

the belief that mental processes are located in the brain

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10
Q

mind-body problem

A

the question of whether our mind and body are distinct, seperate entities or whether they are one and the same

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11
Q

phrenology

A

the study of the relationship between the skulls surface features and a persons personality and behavioural characteristics

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12
Q

what are two first brain experiments?

A

ablation and ESB

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13
Q

ablation

A

disabling, destroying or removing selected brain tissue followed by an assessment of subsequent changes in behaviour

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14
Q

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

A

stimulation or detection of electrical activity in the brain using an electrode

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15
Q

neuroimaging

A

a relatively non-invasive technique that captures a picture of the brain

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16
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

CT, MRI

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17
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

PET, fMRI

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18
Q

Computerised tomography (CT)

A

neuroimaging technique that uses x-ray equipment to scan the brain at different angles and produce scans showing the structure only

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19
Q

Magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

A

neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to vibrate atoms in the brain’s neurons an generate a computer image showing brain structure only

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20
Q

position emission tomography (PET)

A

neuroimaging technique that produces colour imagines of brain structure, activity and function

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21
Q

function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

neuroimaging technique that detects and records brain activity by measuring oxygen consumption across the brain and produces colour images of brain structure, function and activity

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22
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, the network of neurons that regulate, coordinate and controls the major functions of the body

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23
Q

cns - brain

A

the command centre of the cns, responsible for coordination of all the body’s conscious and unconscious activities

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24
Q

cns - spinal cord

A

controls the relay of messages to and from the brain, and meditates to enable the reflex arc

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the nerves that branch out from the CNS and carry information to or from the rest of the body

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26
Q

somatic nervous system - PNS

A

conveys messages from the sense organs to the CNS and controls the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movement
sensory neurons
motor neurons

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27
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

transmits messages from the sense organs to the CNS

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28
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

transmits commands from the CNS to muscles, organs and glands

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29
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates automatic, involuntary operations concerned with internal bodily functioning
sympathetic
parasympathetic

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30
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

heightens activity in the body in preparation for action

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31
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

relaxes the body after action/stress, bringing bodily systems back to a balanced state

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32
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cell

33
Q

dendrites

A

thin extensions that receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the soma

34
Q

axon

A

single, tube-like extension that carries neural information away from the soma towards other neurons

35
Q

myelin sheath

A

white, fatty substance that coats and helps insulate the axon from the activity of other nearby axons

36
Q

axon terminals

A

at the end of each axon; secrete neurotransmitters

37
Q

interneurons

A

make the connection between sensory and motor neuron. they are only found in the CNS

38
Q

glial cells

A

provide insulation, nutrients and support for neuronal function, as well as aiding repair of neurons and eliminating waste materials

39
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped
provide structural support for neurons by holding them in place, nutritional support by regulating local blood flow, secrete chemicals that keep neurons healthy

40
Q

microglia

A

protect neurons from intruders

41
Q

oligodendroglia

A

insulate neurons in the CNS

42
Q

schwann cells

A

insulate neurons in the PNS

43
Q

hind brain

A

located at the base of the brain around the brain stem; collection of lower level brain structures that include the cerebellum, medulla and pons

44
Q

cerebellum

A

cauliflower-shaped; located at the base of the brain; coordinates movement and regulates posture and balance. also involved in learning, memory and other cognitive processes

45
Q

medulla

A

continuation of the spinal cord, connecting it to the brain; controls vital bodily functions essential for survival
e.g. swallowing, breathing, heart rate, salivating

46
Q

pons

A

located just above the medulla; regulates sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep, and some muscle movements

47
Q

midbrain

A

connects upper and lower brain areas and houses structures involved with movement, processing of visual, auditory and tactile sensory information, sleep and arousal

48
Q

reticular information

A

located through the centre of the midbrain and the hindbrain; network of neurons that regulate alertness and modifies muscle movements

49
Q

forebrain

A

located above the midbrain and extends across the top of the brain; a collection of upper level structures that include the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum. regulates complex cognitive processes such as thinking, learning, memory and perception, as well as aspects of emotion and personality

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body’s internal environment

51
Q

thalamus

A

receives information from sensory organs and passes it to relevant parts of the brain for analysis

52
Q

cerebrum

A

located just above and infant of the cerebellum; primarily responsible for cognitive processes such as learning memory and thinking

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the brain involved in complex mental abilities (such as learning, memory, language, thinking and problem solving), sensory processing and voluntary behaviours

54
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge of nerve fibres connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

hemispheric specialisation

A

the idea that one hemisphere has specialised functions or exerts great control over a particular function
both the left and right hemispheres are actually involved in nearly all functions, usually acting together in a coordinated and interactive way

56
Q

left hemisphere specialisation

A

verbal (language) and analytic (logic); rational, logical, factual, language, reading, writing

57
Q

right hemisphere specialisation

A

non-verbal functions; spatial, visual thinking, recognising faces, patterns and tunes, creativity, recognising emotions

58
Q

frontal lobe

A

upper forward half of the brain; controls emotions, personality, reasoning and planning; contains primary motor cortex

59
Q

primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe; controls voluntary bodily movements through its control of skeletal muscles

60
Q

broca’s area

A

left frontal lobe; production of articulate speech

61
Q

parietal lobe

A

behind frontal lobe; receives and processes sensory information from the body and senses; spatial perception; bodily awareness; contains primary somatosensory cortex

62
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe; receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body, enabling us to perceive bodily sensation

63
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of head; enables vision and perception; contains primary visual cortex

64
Q

primary visual cortex

A

base of each occipital lobe; processes information for our sense of sight to form perception

65
Q

temporal lobe

A

lower, central area of brain; ear; involved in auditory perception; memory, visual perception and our emotional responses; contains primary auditory cortex

66
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe; identification of frequency, amplitude and intensity

67
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left temporal lobe; understanding of the meaning of words, comprehension of words and interpreting human speech

68
Q

myelination

A

the growth and development of the myelin sheath; contributes to increasing brain size

69
Q

synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses between the brain’s neurons

70
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the process of eliminating synaptic connections; the means by which the brain fine tunes its neural connections

71
Q

what is the very last part of the brain to develop?

A

prefrontal cortex

72
Q

biological changes - frontal lobe injury

A

physical; problems with motor activities

e.g. facial expressions

73
Q

physiological changes - frontal lobe injury

A

emotional, personal and cognition

e.g. impact on behaviour

74
Q

emotional changes - frontal lobe injury

A

apathy, lack of emotional responsiveness

75
Q

social changes - frontal lobe injury

A

personality change, socially inappropriate behaviour

76
Q

spatial neglect

A

attentional disorder; individuals fail to notice their left side; damage to right parietal lobe; unaware

77
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of the brain’s neural structure or function to be changed by experience throughout the lifespan

78
Q

adaptive plasticity

A

refers to changes occurring in the brain’s neural structure to enable adjustment to experience; rerouting, sprouting, recovered functions, rehabilitation

79
Q

parkinsons disease

A

a progressive neurological disorder characterised by motor and non-motor symptoms; progressive degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra (required for balance and walking)

Psychology U1/2 (4 decks)

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