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Psychology U1/2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

aim

A

a research question

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a thoughtful prediction about the results that will be obtained when it is tested

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3
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated in order to test its effect on the dependent variable

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4
Q

dependent variable

A

variable chosen to measure in order to asses the effects of the IV

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5
Q

extraneous variable

A

any other variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV and therefore effect the results in an unwanted way

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6
Q

population

A

the entire group of research interest from which a sample can be drawn. all people to whom the hypothesis applies

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7
Q

brain vs heart debate

A

the argument over whether the brain or the heart control the mental processes within the body

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8
Q

heart hypothesis

A

belief that mental processes are located in the heart

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9
Q

brain hypothesis

A

the belief that mental processes are located in the brain

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10
Q

mind-body problem

A

the question of whether our mind and body are distinct, seperate entities or whether they are one and the same

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11
Q

phrenology

A

the study of the relationship between the skulls surface features and a persons personality and behavioural characteristics

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12
Q

what are two first brain experiments?

A

ablation and ESB

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13
Q

ablation

A

disabling, destroying or removing selected brain tissue followed by an assessment of subsequent changes in behaviour

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14
Q

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

A

stimulation or detection of electrical activity in the brain using an electrode

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15
Q

neuroimaging

A

a relatively non-invasive technique that captures a picture of the brain

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16
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

CT, MRI

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17
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

PET, fMRI

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18
Q

Computerised tomography (CT)

A

neuroimaging technique that uses x-ray equipment to scan the brain at different angles and produce scans showing the structure only

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19
Q

Magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

A

neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic fields to vibrate atoms in the brain’s neurons an generate a computer image showing brain structure only

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20
Q

position emission tomography (PET)

A

neuroimaging technique that produces colour imagines of brain structure, activity and function

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21
Q

function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

neuroimaging technique that detects and records brain activity by measuring oxygen consumption across the brain and produces colour images of brain structure, function and activity

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22
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, the network of neurons that regulate, coordinate and controls the major functions of the body

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23
Q

cns - brain

A

the command centre of the cns, responsible for coordination of all the body’s conscious and unconscious activities

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24
Q

cns - spinal cord

A

controls the relay of messages to and from the brain, and meditates to enable the reflex arc

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25
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the nerves that branch out from the CNS and carry information to or from the rest of the body
26
somatic nervous system - PNS
conveys messages from the sense organs to the CNS and controls the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movement sensory neurons motor neurons
27
sensory (afferent) neurons
transmits messages from the sense organs to the CNS
28
motor (efferent) neurons
transmits commands from the CNS to muscles, organs and glands
29
autonomic nervous system
regulates automatic, involuntary operations concerned with internal bodily functioning sympathetic parasympathetic
30
sympathetic nervous system
heightens activity in the body in preparation for action
31
parasympathetic nervous system
relaxes the body after action/stress, bringing bodily systems back to a balanced state
32
neuron
individual nerve cell
33
dendrites
thin extensions that receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the soma
34
axon
single, tube-like extension that carries neural information away from the soma towards other neurons
35
myelin sheath
white, fatty substance that coats and helps insulate the axon from the activity of other nearby axons
36
axon terminals
at the end of each axon; secrete neurotransmitters
37
interneurons
make the connection between sensory and motor neuron. they are only found in the CNS
38
glial cells
provide insulation, nutrients and support for neuronal function, as well as aiding repair of neurons and eliminating waste materials
39
astrocytes
star shaped provide structural support for neurons by holding them in place, nutritional support by regulating local blood flow, secrete chemicals that keep neurons healthy
40
microglia
protect neurons from intruders
41
oligodendroglia
insulate neurons in the CNS
42
schwann cells
insulate neurons in the PNS
43
hind brain
located at the base of the brain around the brain stem; collection of lower level brain structures that include the cerebellum, medulla and pons
44
cerebellum
cauliflower-shaped; located at the base of the brain; coordinates movement and regulates posture and balance. also involved in learning, memory and other cognitive processes
45
medulla
continuation of the spinal cord, connecting it to the brain; controls vital bodily functions essential for survival e.g. swallowing, breathing, heart rate, salivating
46
pons
located just above the medulla; regulates sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep, and some muscle movements
47
midbrain
connects upper and lower brain areas and houses structures involved with movement, processing of visual, auditory and tactile sensory information, sleep and arousal
48
reticular information
located through the centre of the midbrain and the hindbrain; network of neurons that regulate alertness and modifies muscle movements
49
forebrain
located above the midbrain and extends across the top of the brain; a collection of upper level structures that include the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum. regulates complex cognitive processes such as thinking, learning, memory and perception, as well as aspects of emotion and personality
50
hypothalamus
regulates body's internal environment
51
thalamus
receives information from sensory organs and passes it to relevant parts of the brain for analysis
52
cerebrum
located just above and infant of the cerebellum; primarily responsible for cognitive processes such as learning memory and thinking
53
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the brain involved in complex mental abilities (such as learning, memory, language, thinking and problem solving), sensory processing and voluntary behaviours
54
corpus callosum
bridge of nerve fibres connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
55
hemispheric specialisation
the idea that one hemisphere has specialised functions or exerts great control over a particular function both the left and right hemispheres are actually involved in nearly all functions, usually acting together in a coordinated and interactive way
56
left hemisphere specialisation
verbal (language) and analytic (logic); rational, logical, factual, language, reading, writing
57
right hemisphere specialisation
non-verbal functions; spatial, visual thinking, recognising faces, patterns and tunes, creativity, recognising emotions
58
frontal lobe
upper forward half of the brain; controls emotions, personality, reasoning and planning; contains primary motor cortex
59
primary motor cortex
frontal lobe; controls voluntary bodily movements through its control of skeletal muscles
60
broca's area
left frontal lobe; production of articulate speech
61
parietal lobe
behind frontal lobe; receives and processes sensory information from the body and senses; spatial perception; bodily awareness; contains primary somatosensory cortex
62
primary somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe; receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body, enabling us to perceive bodily sensation
63
occipital lobe
back of head; enables vision and perception; contains primary visual cortex
64
primary visual cortex
base of each occipital lobe; processes information for our sense of sight to form perception
65
temporal lobe
lower, central area of brain; ear; involved in auditory perception; memory, visual perception and our emotional responses; contains primary auditory cortex
66
primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe; identification of frequency, amplitude and intensity
67
wernicke's area
left temporal lobe; understanding of the meaning of words, comprehension of words and interpreting human speech
68
myelination
the growth and development of the myelin sheath; contributes to increasing brain size
69
synaptogenesis
formation of new synapses between the brain's neurons
70
synaptic pruning
the process of eliminating synaptic connections; the means by which the brain fine tunes its neural connections
71
what is the very last part of the brain to develop?
prefrontal cortex
72
biological changes - frontal lobe injury
physical; problems with motor activities | e.g. facial expressions
73
physiological changes - frontal lobe injury
emotional, personal and cognition | e.g. impact on behaviour
74
emotional changes - frontal lobe injury
apathy, lack of emotional responsiveness
75
social changes - frontal lobe injury
personality change, socially inappropriate behaviour
76
spatial neglect
attentional disorder; individuals fail to notice their left side; damage to right parietal lobe; unaware
77
plasticity
the ability of the brain's neural structure or function to be changed by experience throughout the lifespan
78
adaptive plasticity
refers to changes occurring in the brain's neural structure to enable adjustment to experience; rerouting, sprouting, recovered functions, rehabilitation
79
parkinsons disease
a progressive neurological disorder characterised by motor and non-motor symptoms; progressive degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra (required for balance and walking)

Psychology U1/2 (4 decks)

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