[SEM2] PATHO #2 (50 Items)

Question 1

A 25M develops ascending paralysis after a flu-like infection and you decide to do a lumbar tap for diagnosis. What is expected to see in his CSF?
A. Hypoglycorrhachia
B. Albumino-cytologic dissociation
C. Multiple oligoclonal bands
D. Leukocytosis

Answer 1

Question 2

Mrs. Santos has been diagnosed to have congestive heart failure for the past 4 years. Upon review of her history, it was noted that she developed productive cough with rust-colored sputum for the past 3 months. Her doctor requested sputum cytology which revealed numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Which subcellular structure found in macrophages explains the accumulation of this pigment?
A. Ribosome
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi Apparatus
D. Lysosome

Answer 2

Question 3

Which of the following cells in the CNS are responsible for recycling the glutamate that is released at synapses?
A. Astrocytes
B. Microglia
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Neurons

Answer 3

Question 4

What is the MOST likely pathology behind a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with concomitant diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage?
A. Diffuse inflammatory response after a severe or systemic infection
B. Pathology is currently unknown or is idiopathic
C. Presence of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
D. Renal pathology secondary to adaptive changes from systemic disease

Answer 4

Question 5

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) when added to a cell culture containing epidermal cells results in the mitogenic stimulation of these epidermal cells. EGF binds to the epidermal cell surface receptors which is followed by transcription factor translocation and DNA transcription. Which intracellular pathway MOST likely mediated this event?
A. Cyclic AMP
B. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
C. JAK/STAT System
D. Cyclin-dependent kinase

Answer 5

Question 6

What are these morphologically atypical keratinocytes described as enlarged cells with eccentric, pyknotic nuclei surrounded by a perinuclear halo, found in human papilloma virus infection?
A. Acanthosis
B. Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
C. Koilocytes
D. Schiller-Duval bodies

Answer 6

Question 7

In which type of conditions will you expect to find distinctive Crescents formed by proliferation of parietal cells and migration of monocytes and macrophages in the urinary space in light microscopy?
A. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
B. Dense-deposit glomerulonephritis
C. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Answer 7

Question 8

Mang Tasio, 73 years, complains of difficulty in urination. Further probing of history reveals symptom has been on and off for the past 5 years along with hesitancy and increased urine frequency. Digital rectal examination shows his prostate gland to be enlarged to twice his normal size. Transurethral resection of the prostate is done and microscopy of the obtained prostate “chips” reveals nodules of glands with intervening stroma. Which of the following processes MOST likely took place in this case?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy

Answer 8

Question 9

A 66F presents with bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, and a resting tremor. Which of the following is likely present in this patient?
A. Hemosiderosis of the mammillary bodies
B. Hippocampal neurofibrillary tangles
C. Abnormal accumulation of tau proteins
D. Loss of pigmented neurons in her substantia nigra

Answer 9

Question 10

The primary histologic type of cholangiocarcinoma is __.
A. Squamous cell carcinoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Small cell cancer

Answer 10

Question 11

Which of the following statements would LEAST describe atherosclerotic plaques?
A. Lesions are due to intimal thickening and lipid accumulation
B. Lesions are usually circumferential in several portions of the artery wall
C. Plaques vary in size but can coalesce to form larger masses
D. Atheromatous plaques are white-yellow, and encroach on the artery lumen

Answer 11

Question 12

A 62-year-old jeepney driver developed acute cough productive of phlegm. His doctor said the pathology could be in his lower lung airways. Which could this be?
A. Bronchitis
B. Tracheitis
C. Pneumonia
D. Sinusitis

Answer 12

Question 13

Where is the pathology in “Rhonchi”?
A. Complete airway obstruction
B. Obstruction of medium-sized airways
C. Narrowing of small airways
D. Respiratory failure

Answer 13

Question 14

What stage in the trajectory of illness where family resources are mobilized, medical economics applied, and the reaction to the therapy with necessary adjustments are made?
A. Recovery phase
B. Impact phase
C. Onset of illness
D. Major therapeutic effort

Answer 14

Question 15

Which of the following histologic types of lung cancer is least associated with smoking?
A. Squamous cell carcinoma
B. Clear cell carcinoma
C. Small cell carcinoma
D. Adenocarcinoma

Answer 15

Question 16

A 60M was brought to the hospital after being found dead in his hotel room. Autopsy revealed Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms. Which of the following is the LIKELY cause of death?
A. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
B. Subdural hemorrhage
C. Basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage
D. Epidural hemorrhage

Answer 16

Question 17

Capillaries with fenestrated endothelium have gaps between endothelial cells but the basement membrane is still continuous. In which structures are these NOT found?
A. Endocrine glands
B. Intestinal villi
C. Renal glomeruli
D. Blood-brain barrier

Answer 17

Question 18

A 65-year-old factory worker consulted the clinic because of increasing dyspnea without coughs or sputum production. He had been experiencing these for 6 months. His breath sounds were reduced in all lung fields. Chest X-ray showed a dense, brightly attenuated pleural mass encasing most of his left lung. Pleural biopsy specimen showed spindle and cuboidal cells invading adipose tissue. Which of the following is the MOST likely etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of this mass?
A. Coal dust
B. Asbestos
C. Bird droppings
D. Lumber dust

Answer 18

Question 19

Basia, 35 years, still experiences heartburn from gastric reflux for the past 5 years, especially after eating large meals. Persistence of the symptoms prompts advice for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy where biopsy of the distal esophagus is obtained. Which microscopic change has likely occurred in this case?
A. Squamous Dysplasia
B. Mucosal hypertrophy
C. Columnar metaplasia
D. Goblet cell hyperplasia

Answer 19

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding MOST normal neurons?
A. Axons bring action potentials toward the nucleus
B. They have one axon and multiple dendrites
C. Old neurons are continuously replaced by new neurons as we get older
D. Nissl bodies are eosinophilic intranuclear structures

Answer 20

Question 21

A 25-year-old sales lady stepped into the elevator full of people with influenza, coughing and sneezing. The viral particles which she inhaled attached to her respiratory epithelium. Which immune cell is MOST likely to rapidly destroy the virally infected cells?
A. Macrophage
B. CD4+ cell
C. Dendritic cells
D. Natural killer cells

Answer 21

Question 22

What term is used to describe the varying shapes of erythrocytes?
A. Poikilocytosis
B. Polymorphonuclear
C. Megaloblastic
D. Anisocytosis

Answer 22

Question 23

Presence of atherosclerotic plaques makes a person susceptible to the following, which one is LEAST likely susceptible?
A. Valvular heart disease
B. Aneurysm formation
C. Atheroembolism
D. Vascular thrombosis

Answer 23

Question 24

A 55-year-old jeepney driver developed acute cough productive of phlegm. His doctor said the pathology could be in his lower lung airways. Which one of the following could this be?
A. Asthma
B. Pneumonia
C. Bronchitis
D. Tracheitis

Answer 24

Question 25

Some types of malignant cells lack expression of fibronectin. The loss of fibronectin by these cells would most likely be associated with which of the following? A. Loss of collagen processing in the extracellular matrix B. Increased adherence of the cells to the basement membrane C. Reduced integrin-mediated cell adhesion D. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activation

Answer 25

Question 26

Which of the following is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a fascicle of axons? A. Epineurium B. Endoneurium C. Exoneurium D. Perineurium

Answer 26

Question 27

Which test is consistent with G6PD deficiency? A. Presence of Heinz bodies B. Elevated haptoglobin C. Positive Coombs test D. Decreased LDH

Answer 27

Question 28

Which general feature of autoimmune diseases is LEAST likely? A. Autoimmune diseases tend to follow an acute course of illness with a tendency to progression in the future B. Damage caused by autoimmune diseases is progressive C. Autoimmune diseases are chronic with relapses and remissions D. Clinical and pathologic manifestations are determined by the nature of the underlying immune response

Answer 28

Question 29

Glycogen Storage Diseases come from a hereditary deficiency of one of the enzymes involved in the synthesis or sequential degradation of glycogen. In the hepatic form of this group of diseases, the liver cells store glycogen because of the deficiency of which enzyme? A. Lysosomal glucosidase B. Muscle phosphorylase C. Glucose-6-phosphatase D. Lysosomal acid maltase

Answer 29

Question 30

In which of the following would you see a blast cell with an Auer rod? A. Acute myeloid leukemia B. Acute lymphocytic leukemia C. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia D. Chronic myeloid leukemia

Answer 30

Question 31

The MOST characteristic lesions of SLE result from immune complex deposition in which of the LEAST area? A. Kidney B. Skin C. Blood vessels D. Bone

Answer 31

Question 32

A patient with obstructive lung disease was diagnosed by his doctor as having "Pulsus Paradoxus". What is the pathology of this impending respiratory failure? A. There is impending danger of accumulation of fluids inside the lungs. B. There is a significant negative intrathoracic pleural pressure required for ventilation. C. There is an interchange of both positive and negative pleural pressures. D. Patient will not be able to breathe spontaneously.

Answer 32

Question 33

In lung disorders where the pathology is the obstruction of the lung airways, which clinical problem can be present? A. Parenchymal lung disorder B. Neoplasm C. Asthma D. Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 33

Question 34

A 10F has multiple small macules scattered over her body and extremities, and also 3 iris hamartomas. She is now starting to develop firm, rubbery "bumps" under her skin. Biopsy of these lesions will probably reveal which type of histology? A. Meningioma B. Hemangioma C. Neurofibroma D. Fibrosarcoma

Answer 34

Question 35

In allergic reactions, which leukocytic cells may be the MAIN type of cell? A. Basophils B. Neutrophils C. Lymphocytes D. Eosinophils

Answer 35

Question 36

What is the MAIN pathology involved in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? A. Preferential damage to myelin with relative preservation of axons, leading to poor transmission of electrical impulses. B. Protein accumulation and aggregation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. C. Characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of alpha-synuclein in Oligodendrocytes and degeneration of white matter. D. Progressive loss of upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.

Answer 36

Question 37

Lolo Pedro has been experiencing increasing bouts of knee pain during ambulation for the past 10 years. X-ray findings show that the knee joint surfaces are eroded and joint space narrowed. There is also loss of compressibility and lubrication of articular cartilaginous surfaces. Which component of the extracellular matrix is MOST likely lost in the case of Lolo Pedro? A. Elastin B. Laminin C. Hyaluronan D. Fibronectin

Answer 37

Question 38

Romy, 25 years old, is brought to the emergency room after a motorcycle accident. X-ray of his left thigh reveals fracture. His leg is placed in a plaster cast then is asked to follow up 6 weeks of immobilization. At the time of follow up, the diameter of his left calf appears decreased. Which of the following alterations MOST likely explains the change in size of Romy's calf muscles? A. Atrophy B. Hypoplasia C. Dystrophy D. Aplasia

Answer 38

Question 39

Which one will have panmyelosis? A. Hairy cell leukemia B. Multiple myeloma C. Polycythemia vera D. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

Answer 39

Question 40

Which are the risk factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinomas? A. Helicobacter pylori B. Multiple exposure to radiation C. Fresh fruits and vegetables D. Bacterial and viral infections

Answer 40

Question 41

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is she manifesting? A. Type 2 B. Type 4 C. Type 3 D. Type 1

Question 42

What type of cell plays a part in this reaction? A. Lymphocyte B. Neutrophils C. Basophils D. Eosinophils

Answer 42

Question 43

Which statement may NOT be TRUE of Epinephrine in treating this case? A. Epinephrine can be given parenterally, easily available emergency drug B. The reaction is triggered by mast cell bound IgE releasing histamine C. Epinephrine is the fastest acting agent to treat life-threatening condition D. In lieu of epinephrine, Glucocorticoid is the choice

Answer 43

Question 44

What is the possible diagnosis of this case? A. Verruca Vulgaris B. Cutaneous horn C. Arsenic keratosis D. Actinic keratosis

Answer 44

Question 45

What diagnostic tool can be used to confirm the case? A. Excision biopsy B. Chemical staining C. Gram stain D. Culture/sensitivity

Answer 45

Question 46

What complications may arise from this type of lesions? A. It becomes a non-healing wound B. Can develop into squamous cell carcinoma C. Can go into generalized sepsis if untreated D. Can develop huge abscess and ulcerate

Answer 46

Question 47

Which of the following forms of lung cancer is the MOST malignant and aggressive, virtually always proving to be fatal? A. Adenocarcinoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Large cell carcinoma D. Small cell carcinoma

Answer 47

Question 48

Which of the following is predominantly produced by this class of lung cancer? A. ADH and ACTH hormones B. Gonadotropins C. Parathormone D. Calcitonin

Answer 48

Question 49

Which of the following refers to apical lung cancer(s) that invade the cervical sympathetic ganglia and produce Horner's syndrome? A. Pancoast tumor B. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor C. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis D. Carcinoid tumor

Answer 49

Question 50

Which one of the following features MAY NOT be TRUE of a Type 1 diabetic? A. Type 1 diabetics have a long period of hyperglycemia. B. An autoimmune beta cell destructive process can develop. C. Type 1 diabetics are usually insulin dependent. D. In Type 1 diabetics, onset can occur after the age of 30 years.

Answer 50