Semester 1 Final Flashcards
(270 cards)
0
Q
Scientific way to solve a problem
A
Scientific Method
1
Q
Stable level of internal conditions
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
Group of one type of organisms that live in the same area
A
Populations/ecosystems
3
Q
Group that gives a basis for comparison
A
Control group
4
Q
Group that is actually being tested
A
Experimental group
5
Q
Populations that live in a defined area
A
Community
6
Q
Factor being measured in the experiment
A
Responding variable
7
Q
Factor that makes a difference in the experiment
A
Manipulated variable
8
Q
Communities and it’s nonliving surroundings
A
Populations/ecosystems
9
Q
Basic unit of structure and function
A
Cell
10
Q
Something that is false or artificial
A
Placebo
11
Q
Part of the earth that contains the ecosystems
A
Biosphere
12
Q
Small part to represent the whole
A
Sample
13
Q
Deoxyribonucleic acid
A
DNA
14
Q
Data that deals with numbers
A
Quantitative
15
Q
Data that is descriptive, no number
A
Qualitative
16
Q
Your bodies way for converting food to energy
A
Metabolism
17
Q
Signal from which you respond
A
Stimulus
18
Q
Something that causes a change that is observed in the experiment
A
Variable
19
Q
Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
A
Science
20
Q
Explain the difference between observation and inference and explain 1 example with each
A
Inference: make a guess based on what you already know
Example: infer the water is hot
Observation: what you actually see
Example: observe the water boiling
21
Q
List the 5 main steps to the scientific method.
A
- Find the problem
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiment
- Gather/organize data
- Conclusion
22
Q
According to word ‘biology,’ what are we studying? Break down the word
A
The study of all living things
23
Q
Describe 2 ways that you know a human has homeostasis.
A
Body temperature 98.6
Blood pressure 120/80
24
Explain the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and scientific law.
Hypothesis- an if-then statement,cause and effect statement, educated stated
Theory- broad statement backed by scientific evidence
Scientific law- theory considered to be true by the scientific community
25
Place the following terms in order from LARGEST TO SMALLEST. Cells, populations, atom, biosphere, organism, molecule, community, group of cells
Biosphere, community, populations, organism, groups of cells, cells, molecules, and atoms
26
Name 8 characteristics of all living things
1. Made of cells
2. Respond to environment
3. Grow
4. Reproduce
5. Maintain internal stability
6. All based on a universal genetic code
7. Use materials and energy
8. Change over time=evolve
27
List the 5 parts of the cellular organization chart, explain how they are interrelated and give an example with each.
The cellular org. chart includes cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organisms. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function-blood cell. Tissues are made of cells- skin tissues. Organs are made up of tissue-heart,liver. Systems are made up of organs- nervous system, and systems make up organisms- any living thing.
28
Story about horses and coke vs diet coke
.
29
Control group
Regular coke group
30
Experimental group
Caffeine free come group
31
Manipulated variable
Caffeine
32
Responding variable
Heart rate of the horses
33
Hypothesis
If a horse is given caffeine, then the horse will have a higher heart rate.
34
Theory
Caffeine increases heart rate
35
Placebo
Caffeine free coke
36
Rain on Easter Sunday will cause rain for the next seven Sundays.
Hypothesis- if it rains on Easter Sunday, then it will rain for the next seven Sundays.
M. Variable- rain on Easter Sunday
R. Variable- rain for next 7 Sundays
37
Safe....unsafe
Safe- goggles, using a piper, both wearing goggles
| Unsafe- looking into the chemical, cluttered area, reaching over a flame
38
Graph fetus
Look at test
39
Microscope test
Flash cards
40
Define field of view.
Area that you can see through the eyepiece and objective
41
Compare the field of view under high power to low power
Low- See more
| High- see less
42
Explain the proper way to carry a microscope.
One hand grasping the arm
| One hand under the base
43
What 2 parts of the microscope allow you to calculate the total magnification?
Eyepiece and objective
44
Using high power calculate the total magnification.
10x x 40x = 400x or 10x x 43x = 430x
47
What does this tell you about the microscopes ability to focus on things at different depths?
The microscope can only focus on one item when there are more than one depths.
48
Explain the steps of preparing a wet mount slide using the letter e as the specimen.
Take a clear slide and put a drop of water on the middle. Place a newspaper "e" on the drop. Place a clean coverslip over the e by starting on one side of the water and gently dropping it. Make sure all air bubbles are out.
49
Explain the difference between resolution and magnification.
```
Resolution= clarity of the items
Magnification= looking at items close up or closer
```
50
Parts of the microscope
Identify the labeled parts, explain the function, if the parts have magnification- list that
51
Coarse adjustment
Large knob, allows for coarse focus
52
Fine adjustment
Small knob that allows for a detailed focus
53
Arm
Used to handle and carry the scope
54
Stage clips
Hold the slide down and in place
55
Base
What the microscope is on, used to transport microscopes
56
Eyepiece
What you look through, 10x magnification, ocular lense
57
Body tube
Long tube that gives distance for magnification
58
Revolving nosepiece
Moves Ina. Circular motion with objectives on it
59
Low power objective
10x magnification
60
High power magnification
40x magnification
61
Stage
The platform that holds the slide up
62
Mirror
Controls the amount of light to be seen through the microscope
63
Know the microscope diagram
Microscope lab
64
Chapter 2
Test
65
Pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances
Element
66
Smallest part of an element that keeps all of the properties of that element.
Atom
67
Same as the number of protons
Atomic #
68
Two or more elements combined
Compound
69
1 or more electrons are gained
Reduction
70
Attraction of unlike substances
Adhesion
71
Attraction of like substances
Cohesion
72
One or more substances combined and uniformly distributed
Solution
73
Breaking apart of a water molecule
Dissociation
74
Atom with an electrical charge
Ion
75
Total protons and neutrons inside the nucleus
Mass #
76
Measurement amount of solute
Concentration
77
Hydronium ions are greater that hydroxide ions
Acid
78
Hydroxide ions are greater that hydronium ions
Base
79
1 or more electrons are lost
Oxidation
80
Release of energy
Exergonic
81
Absorbing of energy
Endergonic
82
T/F The first 2 letters of a chemical symbol are always capitalized
F
83
T/F water is usually the solute in a solution
False
84
T/F the formula h2o represents an atom of water
False
85
T/F a chemical reaction eqn can be balanced by changing the subscripts
False
86
N
Nitrogen
87
Oxygen
O
88
Potassium
K
89
C
Carbon
90
H
Hydrogen
91
Phosphorus
P
92
How many atoms are in...NO2, CO, 3(C2S)2
3, 2, 18
93
K3PO4 + HCl -> KCl + H3PO4
Answer the questions in regards to the equation
94
What are the products
KCl + H3PO4
95
What are the reactants?
K3PO4 + HCl
96
What does the arrow mean
Yields
97
What does an arrow that points both ways mean?
Yields both ways, can make or break
98
Balance that equation
K3PO4 + 3HCl -> 3KCl + H3PO4
99
The subscripts are...
3,4,3,4
100
The coefficients are...
3,3
101
70cm=__hm
.0070 hm
102
101m =___cm
10,100cm
103
69.73cm + 6.09dkm =__m
61.5973m
104
150dcm - 50cm=___mm
14,500 mm
105
What are the letters pH written int he specific case they are written in.
Stands for percent hydrogen
p- lower case to not be confused with an element
H- uppercase because it is an element
106
Fluorine has the atomic # of 9 and the atomic mass of 19 with a negative 1 charge
Protons- 9
Neutrons- 10
Electrons- 10
107
Na + Cl Na+1 + Cl-1
What type of bond would hold these together?
| Ionic bond
108
Na+1 is called a what?
Ion
109
Why do you choose that bond?
Because of the charges
110
H2O
| What main type of bond holds this molecule together?
Covalent bond
111
What is this specific type of bond that holds this molecule together?
Hydrogen bond
112
Why does this happen?
(+) area of one h2o molecule attracts to the (-) of another h20 molecule
113
When a Water molecule splits it creates 2 particles? What are they? (Think of pH)
Hydrogen
| OH
116
When we were looking at the 2 threads under the microscope, were you able to focus on both threads at the same degree at the same time?
No
118
When using a microscope, what happens to an image when you move the slide to the left and down?
The image appears to move right and upwards
119
Why should a specimen to be viewed under he microscope be thin?
Light must be able to pass through the specimen
120
Explain the relationship of solute, solvent, and saturated solution.
The solvent of a solution is the substance that dissolves the powder or such items. Oftentimes this is water. The solute is being dissolved. A saturated solution is formed when the solvent cannot dissolve any more solute.
Ex: lemonade powder, water, lemonade is solution
121
What is the difference between mass, matter, and weight. Include definitions.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Mass is the quantity of matter and object has. Mass and weight differ because weight is affected by gravity and mass is not.
122
Explain how adhesion and cohesion are related to capillarity. Give one example of something that uses capillarity.
Capillarity- adhesion and cohesion working together against gravity. The gecko in the textbook that can climb up its glass walls.
123
Chapter 2-3 organic compounds
Test flashcards
124
Uneven pattern of charge
Polar compound
125
Single chemical formula with different structures
Isomer
126
Water loving
Hydrophelic
127
Water fearing
Hydrophobic
128
Plant product- liquid at room temp
Unsaturated
129
Complex carbohydrate
Starch
130
Enzymes attach to these
Substrate
131
Sharing of electrons
Covalent bond
132
Monomer building blocks of proteins
Amino acid
133
Simple molecules
Monomer
134
2 monomers bonded together
Polymer
135
Animal product- solid at room temp
Saturated fat
136
2 amino acids forming a covalent bond
Peptide bond
137
Largest monomer group
Macromolecule
138
Shows the presence of something
Indicator
139
Protein catalyst
Enzyme
140
What are the 2 characteristics that a substance must have to be organic ?
Have carbon
| Is/was living
141
Explain how a hydrogen bond is formed. Think of a water molecule structure.
The slightly positive hydrogens attach with the slightly negative oxygen- becomes neutral and is polar
142
What stores more energy...carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids? Why?
Lipids because they have CH bonds
143
What is the elemental difference between proteins and carbohydrates, and lipids?
```
P- C,H,O,N
C- C,H,O
L- cooh
Ch
Ch
Ch
```
144
Why is being polar important? What does it allow to happen?
Allows bonding
145
What makes carbon an active element in all of these reaction? Unique characteristic
Carbon bonds with itself
146
What is the difference between peptide and covalent bonds?
A peptide bond is a covalent bond specifically for proteins, while a covalent bond is a bond for everything except proteins.
147
How does the carboxyl end of a fatty acid molecule differ from hydrogen-carbon end and why does that matter? Use the terms polar, nonpolar, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic.
The carboxyl end has cooh and is hydrophilic, attracts water, and is polar. The tail end chchch is hydrophobic, repels water, and is nonpolar. The fatty acid molecule stores our energy.
148
Fill the comparison table of the organic compounds and their compounds.
1. Carbohydrates. 5 Proteins. 9. Lipids
2. Monosaccharides. 6 Amino acids. 10. Fatty acids
3. Disaccharides. 7 Dipeptides. 11. Phospholipids
4. Polysaccharides. 8 polypeptides. 12. Triglycerides
149
In the lab that we were testing for oc presence we used 4 indicators. What were we testing for with each of the 4? What was the original color of the indicator? What happened if the organic cmpd was present?
.
150
Benedict solution
Monosaccharide, bright blue, orange, orange
151
Iodine
Polysaccharides, orange, black, black
152
Paper bag
Lipids, dull light brown, dark shiny brown, dark shiny brown
153
Biuret
Proteins, dark blue, purple, dark blue
154
^ for the "d" section- record specific color results using the food label
.
155
Explain the process of a hydrolysis and a condensation reaction and include the end result.
M
Hydrolysis->^!-> condensation
H2O. P H2O
156
What are the forward reaction reactants?
Glucose and fructose
157
What are the forward reaction products?
Sucrose and h2o
158
Is the reverse reaction of a condensation or hydrolysis reaction?
Hydrolysis
159
Using the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, explain and describe how it works and why it is necessary to be designed the way it is.
The cell membrane holds lipids to attract and repel water. Inside, h2o is retained by the jelly like cytoplasm. On the outside water is kept out by the help of the tails.
160
Cell test
Flashcards
161
Carries genetic material when cell is not producing
Chromatin
162
Holds nucleus together
Nuclear envelope
163
Digestion center
Lysosomes
164
Contains water and dissolved materials
Vacuole
165
Makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
166
Where proteins are made
Ribosomes
167
Hollow cylinder that supports and shapes cell
Microtubule
168
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
169
Stores, packages, and processes for the cell
Golgi bodies
170
Thread like structures for support and shape of the cell
Microfilament
171
Chromosomes are found here
Nucleus
172
Jellylike substance inside the cell
Cytoplasm
173
Carries genetic info when cell is reproducing
Chromosome
174
Ribosomes are found on these
Endoplasmic reticulum
175
Shapes and supports plant cells
Cell wall
176
Allows materials in and out of animal cell
Cell membrane
177
A type of plastid
Chloroplast
178
Green pigment used to trap light for plant energy
Chlorophyll
179
Organ of a cell
Organelle
180
Helps with animal cell reproduction only
Centriole
181
Name 3 organelles that plant cells have and animal cells don't
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
182
Define the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes- you, have a nucleus, multicellular
| Prokaryote- single celled, no nucleus
183
What is the cristaes function? Why is that important?
Function- to increase surface area
| Importance- to make more energy
184
Who discovered the very first cell and when?
Robert Hooke in 1665 while looking at cork
185
Why would some plant tissue not have chloroplasts?
Grow underground
| Are not green
186
Name the 2 men who formed the cell theory.
Schlieden
| Schwann
187
Explain the physical difference between cilia and flagella and give an example of where each is found.
Cilia- has many short tails: nose
| Flagella- have one or two long tails: sperm cells
188
List all 3 parts to the cell theory.
All cells came from cells.
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic structure and function of all living things.
189
What limits cell size?
Surface area : volume
190
Explain what selectively permeable means to the cell and nuclear membranes and why it is important.
Selectively permeable- it is picky towards what can move across the membrane.
Importance- protects the cell from shriveling up or being destroyed.
191
Explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar and different.
S- both release and create energy
| D- mitochondria uses food to make energy and chloroplasts uses photosynthesis to make energy
192
What 2 materials make up the cytoplasm .
Salt and h2o
193
```
Look at picture of cell membrane.
A. Type of oc
B. Type of oc
C. Relationship with water
D. Relationship with water
E. Why is b important to the cell
F. Why is it important for c to be in its 2 locations
```
```
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Hydrophelic
D. Hydrophobic
E. Allows important things to pass through
F. Keeps water where it's supposed to be
```
194
How are nucleolus, nuclear pore, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and protein related?
The Golgi bodies package proteins. Ribosomes are on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. On the nuclear membrane, nuclear pores control what can go in and out of the nucleus. The nucleus contains a nucleolus which makes ribosomes. Finally, ribosomes make proteins.
195
Know the plant cell diagram.
,
196
Membrane surrounded organelle
Vesicle
197
Organelle used for pumping out water
Contractile vacuole
198
Object being dissolved
Solute
199
Object doing the dissolving
Solvent
200
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
201
Process that transports fluids
Pinocytosis
202
Shrinking of cells
Plasmolysis
203
Membrane channels that allow ions to pass
Ion channel
204
Concentration of molecules same throughout
Equilibrium
205
Difference in concentration of molecules across a space
Concentration gradient
206
Process that allows the transport of solids or whole cells
Phagocytosis
207
Bursting of cells
Cytolysis
208
Cells press against the outer lining of the cell and allow cells to drink
Turgor pressure
209
During diffusion, molecules tend to move...
A. Up their concentration gradient
B. In a direction that doesn't depend on concentration gradient
C. Down their concentration gradient
D. From low concentration gradient to high concentration gradient
C. Down their concentration gradient
210
```
An animal cell that is surrounded by freshwater will burst because the osmotic pressure causes...
A. Water to move into the cell
B. Water to move out of the cell
C. Solutes to move into the cell
D. Solutes to move out of the cell
```
A. Water to move into the cell
211
```
Carrier proteins are important in.,,
A. Osmosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Diffusion
D. Facilitated diffusion
```
D. Facilitated diffusion
212
```
If the molecular concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space, the substance...
A. Has a large concentration gradient
B. Will undergo diffusion
C. Is in equilibrium
D. Will undergo osmosis
```
C. Is in equilibrium
213
All forms of passive transport depend on...
A. Energy from the cell in the form of atp
B. Ion channels
C. The kinetic energy of molecules
D. Carrier proteins
C. The kinetic energy of molecules
214
```
Some animal cells engulf, digest, and destroy invading bacteria through the process of...
A. Exocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Pinocytosis
D. All of the above
```
B. Phagocytosis
215
```
Which of the following processes is illustrated in the diagram at the right...
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Pinocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Exocytosis
```
D. Exocytosis
216
Essay
The nucleolus partially assembles ribosomes. The RNA delivers instructions for creating proteins to ribosomes. Golgi bodies package protein. Protein filled vesicles fuse with the cells membrane. He process of exocytosis moves protein out of the cell.
217
If molecules of ink were dropped into a beaker and moved into the water, what would this process be called?
Diffusion
218
Why do ions need to have a channel to move through to get through the lipid bilayer?
Charges
219
What is the relationship between turgor pressure, plasmolysis, and cytolysis?
Plasmolysis- not enough turgor pressure, plants wilt
| Cytolysis- too much turgor pressure, bursting of cells, a healthy plant
220
Explain what atp allows with concentration gradients.
Go from low to high
221
At equilibrium, what happens to the random movement of molecules in and out of the cell?
They still move, 2in 2out
222
Why would a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight puff up?
Water will go in, it is hypotonic
223
Start 2.9
| End 3.2
Hypotonic
224
Start 2.9
| End 2.9
Isotonic
225
Start 2.9
| End 2.7
Hypertonic
226
4 in, 4 out
Isotonic
227
1 in, 8 out
Hypertonic
228
6 in, 2 out
Hypotonic
229
Can all molecules diffuse through cell membranes?
No
230
What is this characteristic called?
Selectively permeable
231
Explain your answer with an example from the starch and glucose lab or the molasses lab.
Starch and glucose: the bag was the cell membrane, iodine went into the sg bag, glucose went out into the water, starch remained in bag since it was too big
232
Contrast endocytosis and exocytosis
Endo- movement into the cell
| Exo- movement out of the cell
233
Compare with 2 similarities a unicellular water organism with a contractile vacuole and a sump pump. Your answer may include function, methods, parts, end result,etc. make sure they're different.
Both collect water and then pumped out of the cell
234
What are 2 differences between carrier proteins that participate in facilitated diffusion and those that function in active transport?
FD- they work without energy because diffusion is passive transport.
AT- they have energy with the carrier proteins
235
Enzyme that adds a phosphate group to adp
Atp synthase
236
Absorbs red light
Chlorophyll
237
Five carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle
RuBP
238
A light rx product that is used in the dark rx
Atp
239
Component colors of whitelight
Visible spectrum
240
Reflects orange
Carotene
241
Process of making atp
Chemiosmosis
242
Assists chlorophyll a
Accessory pigments
243
Pigment that reflects yellow
Xanthophyll
244
Product of one reaction is consumed by the next rx
Biochemical pathway
245
Cytoplasm like material in the chloroplast
Stroma
246
Type of photosystem that results in nadph
Ps1
247
First stable molecule in Calvin cycle
PGA
248
First photosystem of the etc
Ps2
249
Rx that the reactant loses one or more electrons
Oxidation
250
Cluster of pigment molecules
Photosystem
251
Rx that accepts lost electrons from previous rx
Reduction
252
PGA, phosphate, and a proton makes one of these
Pgal
253
```
THe photo systems and etc are located in the
A. Outer chloroplast membrane
B. Inner chloroplast membrane
C, thylakoids membrane
D. Stroma
```
C, thylakoids membrane
254
```
Water participates directly in photosynthesis by...
A. Accepting electrons from adp
B. Donating electrons to nadph
C. Accepting electrons from etc
D. Donating electrons to ps2
```
D. Donating electrons to ps2
255
```
Photosynthesis requires each of the following except...
A. Light
B. Pigment
C. CO2
D. Oxygen
```
D. Oxygen
256
```
Energy is released when
A. Amp becomes atp
B. Adp becomes atp
C. Atp becomes adp
D. Gtp becomes atp
```
C. Atp becomes adp
257
```
Carbon atoms are fixed into organic cmpds in
A. Calvin cycle
B. Etc
C. Atp synthase
D. Ps1 and ps2
```
A. Calvin cycle
258
```
The Calvin cycle takes place in...
A. Stroma
B. Photo systems
C. Thylakoid
D. Chlorophyll molecules
```
A. Stroma
259
```
A reactant used in the Calvin cycle is...
A. Water
B. Glucose
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Oxygen
```
C. Carbon dioxide
260
Identify if each idea is part of the light rx or the dark rx.
```
Water molecules split. L
Glucose and other organics form. D
Uses energy from atp. D
Electrons move through the etc. L
Light energy is transferred to atp molecules. L
PGA is converted to PGAL. D
```
261
Identify if each statement is photosynthesis or cellular respiration.
```
Occurs in chloroplast. P
Uses carbon dioxide. P
Uses oxygen. C
Forms o.c. P
Releases oxygen. P
Occurs outside chloroplast. C
Breaks down o.c. C
Occurs in autotrophs only. P
```
262
When water is broken down during the etc, what are the functions of its components?
Hydrogen- h protons go to thylakoid, h electrons go to psii, h protons form nadph
Oxygen- waste
263
What happens to PGAL molecules at the end of the Calvin cycle?
Most- converted back to RuBP
| Rest- come out as glucose or other products
264
Explain how any 1 part of the Calvin cycle is an example of a biochemical pathway.
RuBP is turned into different carbon molecules but PGAL turns it back to RuBP
265
Why do leaves look green during summer then turn other colors during the fall.
Chlorophyll a absorption
266
How many atp and nadph molecules are used in each turn of the Calvin cycle and what are they each used for?
Nadph- 2 used to turn PGA to PGAL
| Atp- 3 used to turn PGA to PGAL and PGAL to RuBP
267
How is psi restored?
Sun and psii etc
268
How is psii restored?
Sun and water molecules
269
What cycle goes hand in hand with photosynthesis?
Cellular respiration
270
What is atp and abbreviation for?
Adenosine tri phosphate
271
How is a constant supply of RuBP for photosynthesis provided? What chemicals does it take for this to occur?
How- it's a cycle so RuBP starts, is altered, and is made back to RuBP
Chemicals- atp to adp
272
What process in the light rx is the cg used?
Chemiosmosis
273
Overall eqn for photosynthesis
Co2 + h2o -> sun c6h12o6 + o2
274
How many cycles of the Calvin cycles does it take to create 1 PGAL molecule?
3
