Semester 2 Final Flashcards
(354 cards)
0
Q
Produces pollen
A
Stamen
1
Q
Fast plant
A
Test
2
Q
Channel for pollen to enter ovary
A
Style
3
Q
Covering for unblossomed flower
A
Sepal
4
Q
Seed sprouting
A
Germination
5
Q
Combination of sperm and egg
A
Fertilization
6
Q
Pollen carries this
A
Sperm
7
Q
Female flower part that catches pollen
A
Stigma
8
Q
Female reproductive structure of the flower as a whole
A
Pistil
9
Q
Male part of the plant that holds the pollen
A
Anther
10
Q
Male part of the flower that holds he pollen up high
A
Filament
11
Q
Heart shaped leaves
A
Cotyledon
12
Q
Type of leaves that appear after the original leaves
A
True leaves
13
Q
First part out of the seed
A
Root
14
Q
Another name of eggs
A
Ovules
15
Q
Attracts through color and scent
A
Petal
16
Q
Transfer of pollen from stamen to pistil
A
Pollination
17
Q
Swollen base that the flower comes from
A
Receptacle
18
Q
Plant movement determined by the direction of an environmental stimulus
A
Tropisms
19
Q
Embryonic root
A
Radicle
20
Q
Stem between the cotyledon and radicle
A
Hypocotyl
21
Q
Stem above cotyledon
A
Epicotyl
22
Q
Pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the pistil of another flower
A
Cross pollination
23
Q
Pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the pistil of the same flower
A
Self pollination
24
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O -> sun C6H12O6 + O2
25
Name 2 differences between monocots and dicots--
Monocot- 1 cotyledon, parallel veins
| Dicot- 2 cotyledons, netted veins
26
What organelle attracts sunlight for the plant?
Chloroplast
27
What happens to each of the reproductive structures after fertilization occurs- list and describe each
Male (stamen)- they have done their job and can fall off now
| Female (pistil) - grows fruit and seeds in ovary
28
Why is it necessary for the above to occur.
Male- give nutrients
| Female- protects and holds the fruit
29
What are the three main elements found in fertilizer?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
30
There are three sperm nuclei in every pollen grain, what is the function of each in order of traveling?
1- travel done into ovary by creating a pollen tube in style
2- fertilize the egg
3- create food for the embryo
31
Name 2 carries of pollen- living and nonliving
Animals and wind
32
Why are root hairs necessary for a young plant especially?
Gives plant more surface area, stability, and more coverage for water
33
Why was it important to water our plants from the top for the first 3days, if we planted them with a watering system?
To moisten the soil and make sure the seed got water
34
Explain difference of phototropism and gravitropism.
P- the stimulus=light the direction=towards light
| G- the stimulus=gravity direction=down
35
List 2 types of roots
Tap and Prop
36
Give an example of a plant that has each type and explain why it's beneficial
Tap-carrots. Supports and surface area
| Prop-some trees. More surface area and stability
37
2 requirements of germination and explain why beneficial
Water- seed coat to pop off
| Soil temp.- can only grow in warmer temps
38
After a flower is pollinated what part of the plant becomes the seed, what part becomes the fruit?
Seed-ovules
| Fruit-ovary
39
What is the other process that goes hand in hand with photosynthesis and converts glucose into actual energy?
Cellular respiration
40
Chapter 9 Genetics test
Flashcards
41
What the genes look like
Genotype
42
What the person looks like
Phenotype
43
The study of genes and heredity
Genetics
44
The way to determine the probability of offspring
Punnetts square
45
An alphabet letter to represent a trait
Allele
46
Two trait genetic cross
Di hybrid
47
One trait genetic cross
Mono hybrid
48
Cross that both alleles are expressed when heterozygous
Co dominance
49
Cross when heterozygous the offspring is in between parents
Incomplete dominance
50
Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
Heredity
51
Unit that carries genes
Chromosome
52
Simplest unit of heredity
Gene
53
Two of the same alleles
Homozygous
54
Two opposite alleles
Heterozygous
55
In a mono hybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, predict the offspring...
D. All heterozygous
56
In a mono hybrid cross between 2 heterozygous parents, one would expect the offspring to be...
C. 1PP, 2Pp, 1pp
57
In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant. A black guinea pig is crossed with a white. If the kids contain a white offspring the genotype of the black pig is probably...
C. Homozygous recessive
58
Segregation of alleles occurs during
B. Meiosis
59
If 2 parents with dominant phenotypes produce an offspring with a recessive phenotype, then parents are probably...
A. Both heterozygous
60
You have found a new species of plant. Some have yellow, some have red flowers. You cross a red flowering plant with a yellow flowering plant. All of the offspring have orange flowers. What would be the genotype for these offspring....
B. Rr
61
What is the genetic abbreviation for the children generation given the parents are F1?
F2 for filial/family 2
62
Who is the father of genetics and what was his occupation-
Gregor Mendel- high school science teacher and had a garden
63
What did he study when he worked with genetics and name 3 traits he observed
Pea plants- height, flower color, texture/color of seed
64
List 2 factors of a test cross
Homozygous, recessive
65
Define law of segregation
Pairs of alleles are separated during the formation of gametes
66
Define law of independent assortment
Each factor (trait) is individually assigned
67
Is it possible for two organisms to have different genotypes but the same phenotype
Yes- dominant traits (BB, Bb are both black)
68
Is it possible for two organisms to have different phenotypes but the same genotype
No- black and brown can not have the same genotype (recessive traits)
69
Complete problems 29-33
Punnett squares
70
Phase in which DNA is copied
S
71
Cell prepares to divide
G2
72
Protein disk on the chromosome the spindle fibers attach to
Kinetochore
73
Produce spindle fibers
Centrosome
74
The production of offspring from one parent
Asexual reproduction
75
Protein that dna coils around
Histone
76
Phase that the cell exits it's cycle
G0
77
Division of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
78
Two of the same of matching chromosomes
Homologous
79
Autosomes replication gives you "___"
Diploid
80
Sex cell replication gives you "___"
Haploid
81
Cell grows to mature size
G1
82
Male chromosomes
XY
83
Female chromosomes
XX
84
Pinched area of a chromosome
Centromere
85
Another name for both egg or sperm
Gametes
86
What type of cells undergo binary fission
Prokaryotic
87
What is the name for male meiosis
Spermatogenesis
88
What is name for female meiosis
Oogenesis
89
How many sex chromosomes does each cell have - individual
2
90
How many autosomes does each cell have- individual
44
91
Explain the difference between chromosomes, chromatin, and chromatid
Chromosome- rod made up of dna and protein
Chromatin- loosely coiled dna
Chromatid- half a chromosome
92
What are the 2 types of spindle fibers and explain their function
Kinetechore- connect at kinetechore to keep chromosome attached
Polar fibers/spindle- structure and support
93
What phase is missing as you go into meiosis 2?
Interphase
94
Why does the above create a haploid number?
Dna doesn't copy
95
If the haploid number is 24, what is the expected diploid number for each cell
48
96
In female meiosis, how many eggs are produced? How many survive?
Produced- 4, survive-1
97
What is the name of the eggs that don't survive
Polar bodies
98
In male meiosis, how many sperm are produced? How many survive?
4,4
99
What is the union of egg and sperm called?
Fertilization
100
How many chromosomes are in one sperm or egg cell?
23
101
In the process of cell division, what happens differently during telophase in the plant cell compared to the animal cell.
Animal cells in telophase go thru cytokinesis. Plant cells don't go thru cytokinesis but form a cell plate.
102
List 5 phases of mitosis and explain
Ok
103
Interphase-
G1- cell grows to mature size
S- DNA copies
G2- prepares to divide
G0- cell grows then stops
104
Prophase
DNA tightly coils and shortens chromatin wraps around histones and becomes chromosomes
105
Metaphase
Chromosomes are in middle of cell held by spindle fibers
106
Anaphase
Chromatids are pulled away to opposite ends of cell
107
Telophase
Cytokinesis begins and starts to form two new daughter cells identical to interphase
108
Mitosis meiosis or neither
N
109
No pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs
Mitosis
110
2 divisions
Meiosis
111
4 daughter cells produced
Meiosis
112
Associated with growth and asexual reproduction
Mitosis
113
Associated with sexual reproduction
Meiosis
114
2 daughter cells only
Mitosis
115
1 division only
Mitosis
116
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes may occur
Meiosis
117
Haploid results
Meiosis
118
Daughter cells are clones to parents
Mitosis
119
Daughter cells are not identical to the individual parent
Meiosis
120
Produces gametes
Meiosis
121
Synapsis occurs in prophase
Meiosis
122
DNA copies twice
Neither
123
Chapter 12 test
DNA
124
DNA shape
Double helix
125
Beginning of DNA replication- DNA separates and unwinds
Replication fork
126
Process of genetic info being copied form DNA to RNA
Transcriptin
127
Beginning of a DNA chain to be transcribed
Promoter
128
Sign that it is the end of a gene
Terminal signal
129
Combo of any three nitrogen bases
Codon
130
3 nucleotides in mRNA that determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins
Genetic code
131
Bond that holds together amino acids
Peptide
132
Change in DNA if an organism in the gametes
Germ cell mutations
133
Change in DNA of an organism in the body cells
Somatic cell mut
134
Loss of a chromosome piece due to a chromosomal break
Deletion
135
Chromosome breaks off and reattached in reverse order
Inversion
136
Process of assembling polypeptides from info in mRNA
Translation
137
Strings of amino acids create
Polypeptides
138
Strings of polypeptides create
Protein
139
rRNA + protein create
Ribosomes
140
Nitrogen bases that have 2 rings of carbon
Purine
141
Nitrogen bases that have 1 ring of carbon
Pyrimidine
142
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
143
Why does DNA have to replicate
For offspring to have the same genetic info
144
In DNA what do the base pairing rules say? Full names
Adenine&thymine. Cytosine & guanine
145
What is different about RNA and the base pair rules?
Adenine and uracil. Cytosine and guanine.
146
What type of bonds hold nitrogen bases together? Important?
Hydrogen- weak covalent so it can separate easily
147
In DNA replication, what enzyme breaks the nitrogen bases apart?
Helicase
148
In DNA replication- what enzyme causes new nucleotides to be assembled?
DNA polymerase
149
What is mRNAs structure and function
Stretched m with squiggles on underside- to carry the message out of nucleus
150
tRNAs structure and function
Bubble lowercase t without bottom- gather amino acids and take to ribosomes
151
rRNAs structure and function
Dot- finish ribosome assembly
152
What enzyme makes RNA replication possible
RNA polymerase
153
On what structure is a codon on?
mRNA
154
On what structure would I find an anticodon on?
Opposite end for lock and key on tRNA
155
Where are the 2 places covalent bonds are used in?
Nucleotides & peptide bond of amino acids
156
Why does it have to be a covalent bond
To break easy
157
Who are the 2 men who discovered and named the DNA shape? When?
Crick and Watson in 1953
158
What is the function that is carried out by a few codons that don't code for amino acids?
Stop
159
What is more harmful- a mutation at beginning or end of strand?
Beginning- affects entire strand
160
Name 3 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA- deoxyribose- sugar, thymine, double strand/helix---RNA- ribose sugar, uracil, single strand
161
Traits found only on the X chromosome
Sex linked traits
162
Diagram that show the sequence of genes on a chromosome
Chromosome map
163
Change in DNA of an organism in the gametes
Germ cell mutation
164
Change in DNA of an organism in the body cells
Somatic cell mutation
165
Loss of a chromosome piece due to a chromosomal break
Deletion
166
Chromosome breaks off and reattached in reverse order
Inversion
167
Chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous
Translocation
168
Family record that shows how a trait is inherited over generations
Pedigree
169
People who have one copy of a recessive allele
Carrier
170
Short section of DNA associated with another piece of DNA
Marker gene
171
Trait controlled by 2 or more genes
Polygenic
172
Traits that hormones influence
Sex influenced
173
Disorder in which there are too many or not enough chromosomes
Non disjunction
174
An extra chromosome in any of the pairs- 3 total
Trisomy
175
One to few chromosomes in a pair- 1 total
Monosomy
176
Disorder in which the individual has xxy chromosomes
Kleinfelter syndrome
177
Disorder in which the individual has xo chromosomes
Turner syndrome
178
Trisomy of the 21st pair f chromosomes
Down syndrome
179
Amniotic fluid is withdrawn to check for chromosome abnormalities
Amniocentesis
180
Membranes are withdrawn to check for chromosome abnormalities
Chorionic villi sample
181
In order to produce a make offspring, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm carrying a...
Y chromosome
182
If 2 genes are closely arranged on a chromosome, they probably will a. Cross over b. Mutate c. Be translocation d. None
None of the above
183
Which of the following mutations does not affect the organisms, but can be passed to offspring...somatic cell, translocation, germ cell, subs
Germ cell
184
If two genes cross over 35% of the time, how many map units apart are they on a chromosome map?
35
185
If the parents of a child have the ABO blood group types AB and OO what are the possible blood types of the child?
A. A or B
186
A man and woman are both heterozygous for the pattern baldness allele, but only the man loses his hair. This is an example of
Sex influenced
187
27 chromosome map
Do it!
188
Why do traits sometimes not appear as expected?-2answeres
Mutations and crossing over
189
Why would a genetic marker be useful?
Know if you have or are going to have disease
190
What are the 4 main blood type?
A, B,AB,O
191
What did Morgan work with to create his sex linked traits theory?
Fruit flies
192
What type of trait allows for males and females to have same genotype bit different phenotypes?
Sex influence
193
Why are frame shift mutations more problematic than substitution mutations?
Frame shift mutations can start in the beginning and change the whole thing
194
Why is pattern baldness more common in men than women
Baldness is related to hormones (testosterone) and is located on autosomes not sex linked
195
When would crossing over differences be created during mitosis or meiosis?
Prophase and prophase I/II
196
What is an example of a polygenic trait? How can you tell it is polygenic!?
Hair color- there are many different shades of hair color die to many different genes controlling the trait
197
What is a karyotype?
Picture of chromosomes that can determine genetic disorders
198
Describe how a karyotype of an XXY human would differ from that of an XO human.
Xxy is a man with kleinfelters
| Xo is a female with Turner syndrome- monosomy
199
Sickle cell anemia
Essay
200
Trace of a long dead organism
Fossil
201
Sand, dust, mud, deposited by wind and water
Sediment
202
Hardened tree Sap that preserves insects
Amber
203
Forms disappear from existence however new species appear
Extinction
204
Brief period of time that large numbers of species disappear
Mass extinction
205
Two or more species in association with each other evolving at the same time
Convolution
206
Organism proportion of favorable traits make them better able to survive
Adaption
207
An organisms genetic contribution to the next generation
Fitness
208
Feature once useful to ancestor, but not to modern species
Vestigial structure
209
A layer of the earth
Stratum
210
Organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully
Natural selection
211
Indicates whether a fossil is older or younger than another
Relative age
212
The lowest stratum in a cross section is the oldest
Law of superposition
213
Analogous feature
Similar function, different structure
214
Although they don't have common ancestors birds and bats have similar body shapes necessary for powered flight.
Convergent evolution
215
The pattern of evolution that is usually a response to different habitats is
Divergent evolution
216
What is an acquired human characteristic?
Large muscles from weight lifting
217
What concept would an animal breeder use to produce cows that give more milk
Artificial selection
218
The similarity in the body shape of a shark and of a porpoise is an example of
Convergent species
219
20-21
Requires a pic
220
Difference between a mold and a cast
Mold- imprint of an organism in a rock.
| Cast- mold filled with hardened materials
221
Who is the man credited for first identifying fossils?
Robert Hooke
222
What was Darwin doing that allowed him to gather his evidence on evolution
Naturalist on hms beagle
223
What is the name of the islands that Darwin used to support most of his theories
Galapagos
224
What's the name of Darwin's book that published all theories
Origin of the species
225
Why are acquired traits not important in the process of evolution
They aren't hereditary or affected by genes
226
Evolution and natural selection relationship-
Natural selection is nature choosing over time which is evolution
227
Is the breeding of domestic animals similar or dissimilar to natural selection
Dissimilar- breeding is artificial selection or when one is put to be bred with another. Natural selection is when nature chooses
228
Explain Darwin's first theory, descent with modification
Organisms change over time while remaining similar to their ancestors
229
According to Darwin, what does the existence of similar embryo logical forms among species imply?
We are all related by some ancestor due to our similar embryo look and shape
230
The hemoglobin of gorillas and humans are almost identical. What does this suggest about the length of time that has passed since the last common ancestor lived according to Darwin
There is a small time lapse we are more closely related and have similar ancestors
231
What is an example of a vestigial structure in humans
Third eyelid or appendix
232
How was Darwin's theory different from lamarcks theory of evolution? Giraffes
Lamarck believed we inherited acquired traits while Darwin did not. Lamarck believed in the giraffes growing neck
233
Science reasoning
Question on test
234
Carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it into another organism
Cloning vector
235
Ring of dna in a bacteria in addition to the main chromosome
Plasmid
236
Combination of dna from 2 or more sources
Recombinant dna
237
Separates molecules by electric charge
Gel electrophoresis
238
Protein substance that forms into a mesh like mass
Agerose
239
Remaining end that is separated by a restriction enzyme
Sticky end
240
Artificially made strand of DNA that begins reactions
Primer
241
Application of genetics
Genetic engineers
242
Host that received DNA from 2 different sources
Transgenic organism
243
Radioactive segments of DNA that are complementary to those being compared
Probes
244
Section of DNA that repeats over and over
Noncoding
245
A tool that measures in very small amounts
Micropipetter
246
Solution that contains a harmless version of a virus or bacteria
Vaccine
247
A specific gene from another organism used for transplant
Donor gene
248
Patterns of bands on film that represent DNA fragments
DNA fingerprint
249
What's the role of restriction enzymes?
To cut DNA at restriction site
250
One example of a restriction enzyme used in class
EcoR1
251
What are res made of
Bacteria
252
DNA tech can create new products as long as the products are made of what
4 Nitrogen bases (atcg) and hydrogen bonds
253
Hats the charge of DNA
Negative
254
In gel electrophoresis the DNA moves towards which end
Positive
255
How do res and DNA fragments determine molecule size
of base pairs
256
Why did the due move in different directions?
+ or - charges
257
Why do some move different distances
Depends on restriction site, fragment size, and restriction (less or more) in fragment
258
What type would move furthest
Shorter- easier to move
259
2 differences other than color between dye and DNA in ge
Dye- comb in middle, doesn't use res
| DNA- comb at top, uses res
260
Genetic engineering and agriculture
Essay
261
4 main steps of RFLP and explain
RFLP
262
Restriction
Process of making a DNA fingerprint and more DNA requires restriction enzymes to cut it
263
Fragment
Fragments or bands/sections of DNA are made from cuts
264
Length
Length of fragments vary
265
Polymorphism
Translates to many changes in the DNA
266
What is the process and purpose of a cloning vector. Specific and ex
Once a gene is isolated, a carrier (cloning vector) can clone a gene and transfer it into another organism. Insulin
267
Process of cloning vector
Essay
268
What does pcr stand for
Polymerase chain reaction
269
Why is it needed
Create more DNA
270
The 3 things that you must have to do a pcr
DNA with 4 nitrogen bases, enzyme- polymerase, and primer
271
Describe process
Res cut DNA, enzyme is added, and primer begins reactions which doubles DNA after 5 min
272
Gel electrophoresis graph
Do it!
273
Balanced arrangement of body parts around a center part
Symmetry
274
Single cells resulting from union of egg and sperm
Zygote
275
Jelly like material between the epidermis and gastrodermis.
Mesoglea
276
Inner space that nutrients are broken down by enzymes
Gastrovascular cavity
277
Reproduction using egg and sperm
Sexual
278
Reproduction without use of egg and sperm
Asexual
279
Animals living together that depend on each other and both benefit
Symbiotic
280
Ciliated larva of the jellyfish
Planula
281
Ball of cells
Blastula
282
Permanently attached to a surface
Sessile
283
Embryonic tissue
Germ layers
284
A hermaphrodite is an organism that
C produces both male and female gametes
285
Body parts formed by the mesoderm include
C muscles
286
What is a germ layer
B basic tissue found in animal embryos
287
A cnidarian shows
C bilateral symmetry
288
Characteristics if a cnidarian include all of the following except
B flame cells
289
Animals that have no true tissue are
B cnidarians
290
The ectoderm is the germ layer that creates the animals
Skin
291
Cephalization is an adaption by which the sensory organs are concentrated
B anteriorly
292
Hydras attach themselves to a surface by means of a group of cells called the
C disk
293
Scientific name for back, belly, head and tail
Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior
294
What is the kingdom, phylum, and class of a hydra
Animal, Cnidaria, hydrazoa
295
How do sponges feed
Filter feeding
296
What type of symmetry does a sponge have
Asymmetry
297
Name of the body structure of a surface attached hydra (formal shape) draw
Polyp
298
Name of structure of adult jellyfish
Medusa
299
How do cnidarians internally detect stimuli - touch
Nerve net
300
What does the endodermic germs yet create?
Digestive and respiratory systems
301
Through what organ do cnidarians excrete materials
Mouths only opening
302
2 methods of asexual reproduction
Buds, regeneration
303
How are coral reefs formed? Grow?
Accumulation over dead skeletons
304
2 functions for a cnidocyte
Protection, bring in prey
305
4 characteristics of all animals
Large # of cells
Specialization/division of labor
Reproduce
Move
306
Life cycle in order- planula medusa zygote polyp blastula
Zygote blastula planula polyp medusa
307
What advantage would the above create
Easy relocation, move frequently
308
Coral reefs and photosynthesis
Essay
309
37-39
Diagrams and essay
310
External bristles on earthworm
Setae
311
Food tube
Esophagus
312
Temporary storage area in an earthworm
Crop
313
Muscular organ that grinds food
Gizzard
314
Waste exits the body through this organ
Anus
315
Blood pumping organ of the earthworm
Aortic arches
316
Two ganglia fused together in the anterior end
Cerebral ganglia
317
Unsegmented area on the earthworm used for reproduction
Clitellum
318
Internal skeleton
Endoskeleton
319
External skeleton
Exoskeleton
320
Waxy layer for moisture control
Cuticle
321
7th segment of the abdomen, propelling
Telson
322
6th segment of the abdomen, works with 7th segment
Uroped
323
Sensory devise used also for equilibrium
Antennule
324
Sensory devise
Antenna
325
Tough fused covering of the dorsal exoskeleton
Carapace
326
Crayfish use these to chew
Mandible
327
Used to move over hard surfaces
Legs
328
Used to move food into position
Maxillipeds
329
Most anterior part if a crayfish for capturing and defense
Chelipeds
330
Abdominally ventral parts that aid in reproduction and movement
Swimmerettes
331
Allow for respiration in water animals
Gills
332
Jointed extensions
Appendages
333
Sensory organs and brain in the anterior end
Cephalized
334
Periodic shedding of exoskeleton
Molting
335
Ten feet
Decapod
336
What do earthworms eat to obtain nutrients? What structure pulls their food in?
Soil and it's organic material, pharynx
337
What do open and closed circulatory systems mean?
Open- free blood flowing
| Closed- no free flowing of blood
338
What are two completely different structures that make crayfish cephalized?
Antennules, brain
339
2 reasons earthworms are important to the environment
Less compaction of soil, aeration
340
Which side of the earthworm is the nerve cord located on? Why is it important?
Ventral- they move over things on their belly side they crawl so they can feel things
341
What is a condition that an earthworm must maintain in order to survive?
Moist
342
Why would it die if this condition isn't maintained?
Oxygen would not be attainable and it could not breathe
343
What material on the earthworm helps maintain the above condition?
Cuticle
344
What does a clitellum look like and do?
Unsegmented section, reproduction site
345
How is the makeup of the crop adapted to its function?
Mushy and flexible for expansion- the temporary storage area
346
How is the makeup of the gizzard adapted to its function?
It is tough so the stones can grind up materials without breaking the skin on it
347
Crayfish have what type of eye structure?
Compound eye
348
Why would an animal molt?
So it can grow
349
What 2 components make up the cephalothorax?
Head, thorax
350
2 characteristics of movement for a crayfish
Walk forwards, swim backwards
351
What are the crayfishs' respiratory organs? How does the placement of a crayfishs' respiratory organs help their function?
Whenever they walk, water rushes over gills and brings them oxygen to breathe
352
Crayfish or worm- hermaphrodite or deprecate sex
Worm- hermaphrodite
| Crayfish- separate sexes
353
Crayfish and worm diagrams
!!!
