Semester 1 Final Flashcards
1
Q
How many experimental values should be in an experiment to ensure accurate results?
A
One
2
Q
What is homeostasis
A
The maintenance of internal balance
3
Q
What is a hypothesis
A
Educated guess about the probable result of an experiment
4
Q
What is a law
A
Something know to be true or fact
5
Q
What is a theory
A
Well-tested explanation
6
Q
What is the hierarchy of organization
A
atoms-molecules-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems-biome-biosphere
7
Q
Where does all of earth’s energy originate?
A
Sun
8
Q
Another word for autotrophs
A
Producers
9
Q
Another word for heterotrophs
A
Consumers
10
Q
What is a food chain
A
Linear representation of how food made and consumed in nature
11
Q
What is a food web
A
Representation of interconnected food chains
12
Q
What is a population
A
Group of organisms of the same species living in an area
13
Q
What is a community?
A
A group of populations living in the same area?
14
Q
What is a biotic factor?
A
Living part of environment
15
Q
What is an abiotic factor?
A
Nonliving part of environment
16
Q
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A
Two organisms live in close association w/ one another
17
Q
Mutualistic relationship?
A
Both organisms benefit
18
Q
Parasitic relationship?
A
One organism benefits and other is harmed?
19
Q
Commensalistic relationship?
A
One organism benefits, other not affected
20
Q
A ________ hunts ________ for food
A
Predator, prey
21
Q
Density-independent limiting factor?
A
Affects all populations no matter the size
22
Q
Density dependent limiting factor
A
Depends on size of population
23
Q
Nitrogen fixation?
A
Process of converting nitrogen gas into a usable form in the soil. Usually done by bacteria
24
Q
Four terms to describe water cycle
A
Evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation
25
What is carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support
26
J-shaped curve?
Population grows exponentially
27
S-shaped curve?
Population experiences logistic growth
28
Where is carbon always present?
Organic compounds
29
What do carb.s store?
Energy
30
Amino acids are the ______ of proteins?
Monomer
31
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that makes up a large molecule called the polymer
32
What typed of macromolecule is cellulose?
Carb.
33
What type of transport from high to low concentration
Diffusion
34
What type of transport takes molecule from low to high concentration
Active transport
35
What type of bond links amino acids?
Peptide
36
What is called when cells wrap around bacteria and engulf them?
Phagocytosis or endocytosis
37
What is exocytosis?
When a cell packages waste or a protein into a vacuole and them release it in a manner that is opposite of endocytosis
38
Function of nucleus acid?
Store info. in form of a code
39
What does an endergonic reaction do?
Take in energy
40
What does an exergonic reaction do?
Release energy
41
Activation energy?
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
42
What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
Protein
43
What is cohesion?
Water bonds with other water molecules
44
What is adhesion?
Water bonds with molecules other than water
45
What is pinocytosis?
"Drinking" water is taken into cell. Type of endocytosis
46
Phagocytosis?
"Eating" solids being taken into cell. Type of endocytosis
47
Point of saturation?
An enzyme reaction levels off
48
Where on pH scale are acids?
0-6
49
What is neutral on pH scale?
7
50
What is a base on pH scale?
8-14
51
Where is DNA housed?
Nucleus
52
What organelle is the "power house" of the cell
Mitochondria
53
What cell structures are in plant cells, but not animal?
Cell wall and chloroplasts
54
What part of the cell is selectively permeable?
Cell-membrane
55
Function of lysosomes?
Digests waste/bacteria, "garbage disposal"
56
Function of Golgi body
Packages proteins
57
Function of vacuole
Saclike structure in plants, smaller and more numerous in animals. Stores liquids/waste/foods
58
Function of ER
Produces proteins
59
Three parts to cell theory:
1) all living things are made up of cells
2) the cell is the smallest unit of organization
3) all cells come from preexisting cells
60
Steps in order of mitosis
Interphase-prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase-cytokinesis
61
End result of mitosis?
Two identical cells
62
What does interphase include?
G1, S (synthesis), and G2
63
What happens in interphase
Cell grows and gets ready for division/replication
64
What happens in prophase
Chromatin coil into chromosomes- two halves (sister chromatid). Nucleus and nuclear envelope disintegrate. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle forms between them
65
What happens in metaphase
Chromosomes attach to spindles at centromere. Chromosomes pulled by spindles, line up on equator
66
What happens in anaphase
Separation of sister chromatids begins. Spindle fibers shorten. Centromeres split. Sister chromatids pulled toward opposite centrioles
67
What happens in telophase
Chromatids reach opposite centrioles. Changes occurred in prophase reversed.
68
What happens in cytokinesis
Ends telophase. Division of cytoplasm.
Animal cells- plasma membrane pinches along equator
Plant cells- cell plate forms, new membrane and cell wall form on each side of plate
69
Characteristics only in animal cells
- centrioles
| - many small food vacuoles
70
Characteristics only in plant cells
- cell wall
- plastid
- chloroplast
- one central vacuole
71
Similarities between plant and animal cells
- eukaryotes
| - all organelles not listed in differences of a cell
72
Levels of a food chain in order
Primary producers-primary consumers-secondary consumers-tertiary consumers-quaternary consumers
73
Double bond between two carbons. Saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
74
All single bonds between carbons. Saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
75
Biology?
Scientific study of life
76
Seven properties/characteristics of life?
Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation
77
If viewing a specimen through a microscope how much times the objective lens setting is the specimen magnified?
10x
78
Observations can be made ______ or ______
Directly, indirectly
79
Isotonic
h2o goes in and out, same size
80
Hypertonic
H2o leaves but doesn't enter, shrinks
81
Hypotonic
H2o enter, but doesn't leave, swells or explodes
82
Function of eyepiece
Magnifies 10x
83
Function of revolving nose piece
Holds & turns objectives into viewing position
84
Function of objectives
Lenses w/ varying power to increase or decrease magnification
85
Function of stage
Supports glass slide
86
Function of glass slide
Mounts specimen
87
Function of coverslip
Holds specimen in place
88
Function of light source
Reflect light upward through diaphragm, specimen, and lenses
89
Function of diaphragm
Regulates amount of light
90
Function of base
Supports microscope
91
Function of fine adjustment
Sharpens image
92
Function of corse adjustment
1) raise/lower stage
| 2) focus on low power
93
Function of stage clips
Holds slide in place
94
Function of arm
Used to carry microscope
95
Function of body tube
Connect eyepiece to objectives
96
Interspecific interactions?
Relationships w/ individuals of other species in the community
97
Interspecific competition
Two species compete for same limited resource
98
Ecological niche
Sum of its use of biotic and abiotic resources in environment
99
Decomposers?
Break things down
100
Ecological succession?
A variety of species gradually being replaced by other species
101
Primary succession?
When ecological succession begins in lifeless area w/ no soil
102
Secondary succession?
Disturbance has cleared away community, but soil left intact
103
Inductive vs. deductive reasoning:
Inductive: use evidence to reach a conclusion
Deductive: use observations to reach conclusion
104
What is data
Individual facts/statistics of info.
105
What is a controlled variable?
The one element not changed throughout experiment
106
Null vs. directional
Null: predicts there will be no difference between experimental and control group
Directional: predicts there will be a difference between control and experimental group
107
What are the biomes?
Tropical rainforest, Savannas, deserts, temperate grasslands, deciduous forests, coniferous forest, tundra
108
How much energy is lost after something moves down the food chain?
90%
109
What are the cycles?
Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus
110
Describe carbon cycle
Decayed organisms return carbon to soil; animals eat plants which contain carbon; animal respiration and auto and factory emissions return it to atmosphere; plant respiration takes carbon out of atmosphere
111
Describe nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, animal waste and dead animals and plants return nitrogen to soil; ammonium and nitrates in soil go through plant proteins/denitrifying bacteria to return nitrogen to air
112
Describe phosphorus cycle
Detritus is decomposed, phosphates in rock and phosphates in solution return phosphates to soil; uplifting of rock, and phosphates in organic compounds return phosphorus to atmosphere
113
3 categories of interactions
- predation
- herbivory
- parasites/pathogens
114
What is coevolution
Series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species
115
Osmosis?
Movement of water throughout a cell
116
What is diffusion
Moving water from high to low concentration
117
Facilitated diffusion?
When protein molecules help with diffusion
118
Polarity?
Hydrophilic
119
Non polar
Hydrophobic
120
Three types of compounds w/ same formula, different structural arrangements:
Structural- differ in covalent bond arrangement
Geometric- differ in arrangement around double bonds
Enantiomers- mirror images of one another
121
Function of cell wall
Gives sturdy support/protection
122
Function of plasma membrane
Regulate what goes in and comes out
123
Function of nucleus
Stores DNA, manages cell functions
124
Function of nuclear envelope
Pores to allow passage of RNA and ribosomes
125
Function of chromosomes
DNA found in nucleus
126
Function of nucleolus
Inside nucleus, makes ribosomes
127
Function of ribosomes
Makes proteins
128
Function of mitochondria
Converts food energy to cellular energy (ATP)
129
Function of chloroplast
Photosynthesis
130
Function of plastids
Stores pigments and starch
131
Function of cytoskeleton
Centrioles used for division in animal cells
132
Cilia and flagella
Movement sensory, absorption
133
Cytoplasm
Material inside cell not including cell membrane
134
Anchoring junctions
Has proteins such as keratin to increase cell rigidity
135
Gap/communicating junctions
Allows cells to share water/nutrients. Allows for communication
136
Tight junctions
Don't let material through
137
Chromatid
Formed from chromatin when DNA condenses into smaller structure
138
Chromatin
DNA coiled around protein
139
Examples of monosaccharide
Glucose, fructose, galactose
140
Ex. Of disaccharides
Maltose, sucrose, lactose
141
Ex. Of polysaccharides
Chitin, glycogen, starch, cellulose
142
Carbohydrates: monomer and function?
Monosaccharide and provide energy
143
Lipids: two molecules (monomers)
Glycerol and fattyacid
144
Proteins: monomer
Amino acid
