Semester 2 Flashcards by Grace k

List the stages of mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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Describe interphase

A period of growth and development.

A cell spends most of its life in this phase

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Define mitosis

Process when the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei

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What is a chromosome

Structure in the nucleus the contains hereditary material.

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Describe prophase (mitosis)

Chromosomes are not organized

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Describe metaphase (mitosis)

Chromatid pairs are horizontal across the nucleus of the cell

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Describe anaphase (mitosis)

Chromatids separate and become chromosomes

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Describe telophase (mitosis)

Cytoplasm separates and forms 2 new cells.

Mitosis ends

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What Stage is prophase? (mitosis)

Stage one

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What stage is metaphase? ( mitosis)

Stage two

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What stage is anaphase? (Mitosis)

Stage 3

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What stage is telophase (mitosis)

Stage four

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Describe what a chromatid looks like

It looks like an x made with chromosomes.

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What are chromatids?

The top of the chromosome ( top of the x)

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What is the centromere

Middle part of the x on the duplicated chromosome

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What is the result of mitosis

division of a Nucleus and produces two new nuclei identical to each other and the original nucleusd

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Describe asexual reproduction

1 or more organisms are produced from one organism

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2 types of asexual reproduction

Budding and regeneration

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What is the cell cycle

Series of events from 1 cell division to the next

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True or false. Most of eukaryotic cells life is in interphase

True

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Describe mitosis

A series of four phases or steps

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What does each new nucleus formed by mitosis have?

Same number and type of chromosomes

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Define sperm

Sex cell found in male reproductive organs

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Define eggs

Formed in female reproductive organs

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What is fertilization

Joining of egg and sperm

What is a zygote

Cell that forms after fertilization

True or false. | we have thousands of genes but use only a portion of them

True

Describe a mutation

Any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene in a cell

What controls the traits you inherit

Genes

Arw mutations harmful to organisms

Many are

Effects of mutation

Some have no effect | Some are beneficial

What is DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is DNA similar to

Twisted Ladder called a double helix

What is each side of the DNA ladder MADE OF?

Sugar phosphate molecules

What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of

Nitrogen bases

List the four nitrogen bases

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

What is gene

Section of DNA On a chromosomes

Define RNA

Ribonucleic acid

What does RNA do?

Carries code for making proteins from nucleus to ribosomes

What is hereditary?

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

What is genetics

Study of how traits are inherited through alleles

Who was known as the father of genetics?

Mendel

What did Mendel experiment with?

Peas

Who was the first to trace 1 trait through several generations?

Mendel

What do hybrids receive from eAch parent?

They receive different genetic info for a trait

What 2 factors do genetics involve with?

Dominant And recessive

What did Mendels conclusions lead to?

The principles of heredity

What are alleles?

Different forms of a trait a gene can have

Describe Dominant in genetics.

The one that covers of the weaker form

Describe recessive in genetics

Form that seems to disappear

The ... Is a tool used to predict genetics

Punnett Square

What is the genotype?

Genetic make up of an organism

The way organism looks/behaves is its...

Phenotype!!!!!!

What is a homozygous organism?

Has two alleles that are the same

An organism that has 2 diffrent traits is a....

Heterozygous

Define Incomplete dominance

When offspring of 2 homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype

What is this called?: | When a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait.

Polygenic inheritance

What is sex-linked gene?

An allele inherited on a sex chromosome

What is genetic engineering?

Biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of a genes DNA

Define species

Organisms the share similar characteristics | Produce fertile offspring

Change in inherited characteristics over time. What is this?

Evolution

What is natural selection?

Organisms with better traits can survive and reproduce better

What is variation?

A unique inherited trait that an organism has

Describe adaptation

Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment

What is the theory of gradualism

Evolution is a slow process of mutations and variations

What am I? | Theory of rapid evolution. Mutation of a few genes that changes an. Organisms appearance in short time

Punctuated equilibrium

What is sedimentary rock?

Layers of sand, silt, clay, or mud that are cemented together. Also can be mineral deposits(limestone)

What gives off steady amount of radiation as it slowly changes to nonradioactive element?

Radio active element

Define Embryology

Study of embryos and their development

What is homologous?

Body parts that are similar in origin and structure

Vestigial structures are structures that ...

Do not seem to have a function

What are primates?

Group of mammals that humans, monkeys, and apes belong to

What are hominids

Humanlike primates that Lived 4-6 million years ago

Define homo-sapiens

Early human ancestors

What were two types of human ancestors

Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon

What is the theory of acquired characteristics

The characteristics that parents gained are passed on | NOT TRUE

When and where did Charles Darwin travel?

In 1831 on the Galapagos Islands

What ship did Darwin use?

HMS Beagle

When was Darwin book published? What was it called?

In the mid 1800s and called On the Origin of Species

What did Darwin's book explain?

Theory of Evolution

What is Darwin work known as?

Theory of evolution by natural selection

What is the 1st principle of natural selection?

Organisms produce more offspring then can survive

2nd principle of natural section

Variation occur among individuals

3rd principle of natural selection

Some variations Are passed on to offspring

4th principle of natural selection

Some variations Are helpful | This helps organisms survive and reproduce

5th principle of natural selection

Over time those individuals with helpful variations outnumber others Become new species

As new members of the population move in or out of the area what happens to the gene pool?

Genes are added or subtracted from the overall population

Where are the instructions for making a specific protein located?

In genes in the cell nucleus

Where are proteins made

On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

List the three kinds of RNA

mRNA tRNA rRNA

What is a chemical code a cell uses?

DNA

Where is DNA stored

In heredity material (acids)

Define sexual reproduction

2 cells come together to form an organism(s)

Semester 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)