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Semisolids Flashcards

1
Q

Topical applications are used for ___ and/or ____ absorption

A

Local + systemic

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2
Q

What is the target tissue of topical products?

A

INTO the skin

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3
Q

What is the target tissue of transdermal products?

A

THROUGH the skin (skin is generally not the target)

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4
Q

What is percutaneous absorption?

A

Drug absorption thru UNBROKEN skin both into the skin and into circulation

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5
Q

Ointment bases are chosen and used for their _____ effects and as ______

A

physical + vehicles

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6
Q

What are the 4 USP groups ointment bases are classified as?

A
  1. Oleaginous base
  2. Absorption base
  3. Water-removable base
  4. Water-soluble base
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7
Q

What kind of effect does oleaginous base have?

A

Emollient/moisturizing

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8
Q

(T/F) Oleaginous bases are water miscible

A

False

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9
Q

(T/F) Water + aqueous preparations may be incorporated in oleaginous bases, but w/ difficulty

A

True

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10
Q

What is generally used as a levigating agent for oleaginous bases?

A

Mineral oil

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11
Q

What is the MP of petrolatum?

A

38-60 degrees (C or F?)

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12
Q

(T/F) Petrolatum are generally used alone as a ointment base

A

False, used alone or in combination w/ other ingredients

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13
Q

Which is more esthetically pleasing?

A. Petrolatum
B. White Petrolatum
C. Yellow Ointment

A

B. White Petrolatum

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14
Q

Where is White Petrolatum found in?

A

Skin creams, lotions, lip balms

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15
Q

Which has a higher viscosity compared to petrolatum alone?

A. White Petrolatum
B. Yellow Ointment

A

B. Yellow Ointment

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16
Q

Absorption bases contain _____, which the amount depends upon the base

A

water

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17
Q

What are the two “types” of absorption bases?

A
  1. Permits incorporation of aqueous sol. and forms (W/O) emulsions
  2. Those that are (W/O) emulsions and permits incorporation of additional aqueous sol.
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18
Q

Which is more occlusive, oleaginous or absorption base?

A

Oleaginous bases

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19
Q

Absorption bases are (easily/not easily) removed from skin w/ water due to oily external phase

A

not easily

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20
Q

Lanolin is purified wax-like substance obtained from ____ wool

A

sheep

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21
Q

Lanolin contains less than ___% water

A

0.25

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22
Q

Lanolin permits formulation of more (hydrophilic/lipophilic) drugs

A

hydrophilic

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23
Q

Water removable bases are also known as ____ emulsions

A

(O/W)

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24
Q

Water removable bases are commonly called ______

A

creams

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25
Water removable bases are vehicles for solid, liquid or _______ drugs
non-hydrolyzable
26
Water removable bases have an external phase which is ______
aqueous
27
Water soluble bases (do/do not) contain oleaginous components
do not
28
Water soluble bases are mostly used for incorporation of _____ substances
solid
29
PEG viscosity ____ w/ MW
increases
30
What kind of bases would be the choice for rapid release of lipophilic drugs?
Water-soluble and water-removable bases
31
What are the two methods of preparation of ointments?
1. Incorporation (mortar/pestle electronic or not) | 2. Fusion (melted and cooled)
32
Ointments (solids) If particle size needs to be reduced, this is done by ________
levigation
33
Ointments (solids) Materials are added to the base by ______ dilution
geometric
34
What are added last according to the fusion method?
Heat sensitive or volatile materials
35
What is typically not mixed well by incorporation and are prepared by fusion?
Beeswax, paraffin, strearyl OH, high molecular weight PEGs
36
Topical applications are not required to be sterile except for _____
ophthalmic preparations
37
Labeling of ointments (as per USP) includes....?
1. Type of base used 2. Storage conditions 3. Administration
38
What kind of agent is added to make gels?
Gelling agent
39
What kind of gelling agents are there?
1. Synthetic polymers 2. Cellulose derivatives 3. Natural gums
40
In a single phase gel, macromolecules are _____ distributed throughout the liquid
uniformly
41
In a two-phase gel, gel mass consisting of floccules are referred as _____
magma
42
(T/F) Gels can be frozen
False
43
(T/F) Gels are stored in tight containers to prevent water loss
True
44
Gels are formed in three methods which are...?
1. Dispersing molecule in continuous phase 2. Change pH 3. Reducing continuous phase
45
Pastes contain a larger proportion of ____ than ointments
solids
46
A portion of the base of a ______ may be used as a levigating agent
paste
47
Plasters are applied to the skin for ______ contact
prolonged
48
Glycerogelatins form a _____ ______ that may be protected by a dressing
pressure bandage
49
Which semisolid can be used to treat varicose ulcers
Glycerogelatins (specifically Zinc gelatin)
50
____-dose tubes may be prepared w/ a tear-a-way tip and normally do not require antimicrobial preservatives
single
51
Stratum corneum is a _______ tissue
keratinized
52
Stratum corneum is about ____mm thick
15
53
Stratum corneum is composed of partially ____ cells
desiccated/dead
54
Stratum corneum acts as a _______ membrane with drugs penetrating by passive diffusion
semipermeable
55
What kind of drugs are good candidates for passive diffusion thru stratum corneum?
Drugs w/ both aqueous + lipid solubility
56
When does a drug become available for systemic abosrption?
When it reaches vascularized dermis
57
To allow drugs to penetrate the upper dermal layers, you can add ______ enhancers to topical vehicle
penetration
58
(T/F) Oleaginous bases provide less occlusion and emollient effect than hydrophillic/water-washable bases
False; provide more occlusion
59
(T/F) Paste offer about the same occlusion and effectiveness versus ointments at absorbing serous discharge
False; offer more occlusion
60
Major route of drug absorption is via the ______
cornea
61
Cornea is a ____ layer structure
3 (lipophilic epithelum, hydrophilic stomal layer, and a less lipophilic endothelum)
62
(Lipophilic/Hydrophilic) drugs are more capable of crossing the layers of the cornea
Lipophilic
63
When sterilizing ophthalmic RXs, steam sterilization or ethylene oxide are ineffective due to....?
inability to penetrate ointment base
64
What's wrong with using heat sterilization on ophthalmic bases?
Penetrates base, but may cause stability issues

Pharmaceutics (30 decks)

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