Sensation and perception

Question 1

A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

Answer 1

levels of analysis

Question 2

Physiological levels of analysis.

Answer 2

levels ranging from chemical reactions to single neurons, to structures in the brain, to groups of structures in the brain.

Question 3

proposed that signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions.

Answer 3

Nerve net theory

Question 4

Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system.

Answer 4

neurons

Question 5

A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses).

Answer 5

Nerve net

Question 6

The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

Answer 6

neuron doctrine

Question 7

Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons.

Answer 7

cell body

Question 8

Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

Answer 8

Dendrites

Question 9

Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.

Answer 9

Axons

Question 10

Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

Answer 10

Synapse

Question 11

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

Answer 11

neural circuits

Question 12

Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.

Answer 12

Receptors

Question 13

What did Edgar Adrian win the Nobel prize for in 1932?

Answer 13

recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons-Adrian recorded electrical signals from single neurons using microelectrodes—small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device. Modern physiologists use metal microelectrodes.

Question 14

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present).

Answer 14

Resting potentail

Question 15

An electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber). Also called an Action potential.

Answer 15

nerve impulse

Question 16

Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Action potentials typically travel down a neuron’s axon.

Answer 16

action potential

Question 17

adrian studied the relation between nerve firing and sensory experience by

Answer 17

measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. What he found was that the shape and height of the action potential remained the same as he increased the pressure, but the rate of nerve firing—that is, the number of action potentials that traveled down the axon per second—increased

Question 18

Point at which we can detect a stimuli more than 50% of the time.

Answer 18

Absolute threshold

Question 19

Absolute threshold is absolute?

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Measurement of the minimum difference needed between stimuli variables to be perceptivle. “just perceptible difference” (less than 50%

Answer 20

Difference threshold.

Question 21

Determines perceptible diffeneces in sensation

Answer 21

Weber’s law

Question 22

Visual information is processed______in the brain

Answer 22

Cross-hemispherically

Question 23

What are the two types of receptors in the eye?

Answer 23

Rods and cones

Question 24

Two visual pathways

Answer 24

Parvocellular and Magnocelluar

Question 25

what are the limits of our sensation?

Answer 25

Types of energy we can sense and elements of energy we can sense.

Question 26

Information which falls blow the absolute threshold is considered what?

Answer 26

Subliminal

Question 27

What two methods can be used to measure absolute threshold?

Answer 27

Contant stimuli method and Method of limits.

Question 28

Weber's law determines what?

Answer 28

Perceptible differences in sensation

Question 29

Our sensory system is an ___through which we become cognizant of relevant internal and external events

Answer 29

active system

Question 30

We only really allow into awareness what is____

Answer 30

Useful for us.

Question 31

sensation is the starting point of our sensory experience

Answer 31

false

Question 32

We do not perceive a great deal of the sensorium T or F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Both hemispheres of the brain receive some information from each eye

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Optic nerve results in a blind spot and our brain ___this section of our vision

Answer 34

autocompletes

Question 35

-N ~ 120 million -Better able to represent periphery of vision -Better in low light -Tuned to movement

Answer 35

Rods

Question 36

-N ~ 6 million -Foveal -Better in daylight -Tuned to color

Answer 36

Cones

Question 37

Visual acuity =

Answer 37

Clarity of vision

Question 38

-Greatest in the fovea -Due to relatively few cones per bipolar cell -Anything outside fovea is dim, gritty and low ------resolution

Answer 38

Visual acuity

Question 39

What we see in ___on the conditions in which we see it

Answer 39

dependant

Question 40

Cones High light levels Colour Form

Answer 40

Parvocellular

Question 41

Rods Low light conditions Movement

Answer 41

Magnocellular

Question 42

Retinotopic maps in early visual areas

Answer 42

Striate occipital cortex

Question 43

-Basic elements of perception -Form, colour, relative movement, etc.

Answer 43

Peristriate occipital cortex

Question 44

Recognition

Answer 44

Inferior temporal cotex

Question 45

Location of object in space

Answer 45

Parietal cortex

Question 46

What is colour?

Answer 46

how we percieve differences in light frequencies.

Question 47

___adapt quickly to low light conditions?

Answer 47

cones

Question 48

___adapt slower to low light conditions

Answer 48

Rods

Question 49

-We have three types of cone cells in the eye -The eye detects three primary colours -Perceived colour is based on the ratio of primary colours in cone cells

Answer 49

Trichromatic theory

Question 50

What cant trichromatic theory explain?

Answer 50

Colour opposites.

Question 51

Colour vision is based on three opponent processes: Red/green Blue/yellow Black/white Exciting one colour in a pair blocks the other colour Can explain afterimages

Answer 51

Opponent process theory

Question 52

____perception occurs in the cortex

Answer 52

Colour

Question 53

The fact that you can recognize your glasses as such from different angles specifically illustrates ___.

Answer 53

viewpoint invariance

Question 54

Check My Work Given that Betty is fluent in Spanish, she can tell when one word ends and the next one begins. This illustrates ___.

Answer 54

speech segmentation

Question 55

Which of the following terms best describes human perception? a. conscious b. simple c. procedural d. automatic

Answer 55

procedural

Question 56

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Perceptual rules must be taught to children. b. Perception is the basis for all human cognition. c. Sensations are the sole ingredients for perception. d. Memory formation is unrelated to perception.

Answer 56

b. Perception is the basis for all human cognition.

Question 57

Fundamentally, the principle of good figure emphasizes ___ in perception.

Answer 57

simplicity

Question 58

Instead of concluding that there are 15 shapes in total pictured (which is accurate), you are more likely to initially conclude that there are three rows of different shapes due to ___.

Answer 58

the principle of similarity

Question 59

Testing principles of Bayesian inference necessarily must involve ___.

Answer 59

mathematical procedure

Question 60

Which of the following best reflects the Gestalt principle of similarity? a. overlap b. movement c. grouping d. simplicity

Answer 60

c. grouping

Question 61

When tasked with identifying items in a particular scene, compared to humans a computer ________.

Answer 61

has less memory

Question 62

Ahmad needs to create a model of the inverse projection problem for a class presentation. What should he indicate as the starting point of the problem?

Answer 62

an ambiguous retinal image

Question 63

Identifying an object in a scene presents great difficulty for a machine because ________.

Answer 63

the task requires reasoning

Question 64

Thomas Bayes stated that human perception of objects is based on the combination of which two concepts?

Answer 64

priors and likelihood