Long-term memory: structure

Question 1

A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time. +_____ is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.

Answer 1

Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 2

_______ memory covers a span that stretches from about 30 seconds ago to your earliest memories.

Answer 2

Long-term

Question 3

A classic experiment by B.B. Murdock, Jr. (1962) studied the distinction between STM and LTM by measuring a function called _____?

Answer 3

The serial position curve

Question 4

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list.

Answer 4

serial position curve

Question 5

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list.

Answer 5

primacy effect

Question 6

_____ tested this idea that the primacy effect occurs because participants have more time to rehearse words at the beginning of the list.

Answer 6

Dewey Rundus (1971)

Question 7

primacy effect is related to the ____available for words at the beginning of the list.

Answer 7

longer rehearsal time

Question 8

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list.

Answer 8

recency effect

Question 9

in whos experiment :The serial position curve has a normal recency effect when the memory test is immediate , but no recncy effect occurs if the memory test is delayed for 30 seconds

Answer 9

Glanzer and Cunitz’s (1966)

Question 10

Participant begins recall immediately after hearing the list of words.

Answer 10

Primacy effect and recency effect.

Question 11

List is presented and participant repeats words out loud in 5-second intervals between words

Answer 11

Words at the beginning of the list are repeated more, so they are more likely to get into LTM.

Question 12

Participant begins recall after counting backwards for 30 seconds.

Answer 12

Recency effect is eliminated because rehearsal is prevented.

Question 13

The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.

Answer 13

Coding

Question 14

coding in the mind in terms of meaning

Answer 14

semantic coding

Question 15

When information learned previously interferes with learning new information

Answer 15

proactive interference

Question 16

Wickens et al. (1976) experiment

Answer 16

Proactive interference

Question 17

A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference

Answer 17

release from proactive interference

Question 18

A study by Jacqueline Sachs (1967) demonstrated

Answer 18

semantic coding in LTM.

Question 19

Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented.

Answer 19

Recognition memory

Question 20

A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.

Answer 20

hippocampus

Question 21

asked whether the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new long-term memories, might also play a role in holding information for short periods of time

Answer 21

Charan Ranganath and Mark D’Esposito (2001)

Question 22

According to ___, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel

Answer 22

Tulving

Question 23

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past.

Answer 23

mental time travel

Question 24

In real life, episodic and semantic memories are often intertwined. Two examples are

Answer 24

(1)how knowledge (semantic) affects experience (episodic) and
(2)the makeup of autobiographical memory.

Question 25

Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.

Answer 25

autobiographical memory

Question 26

Semantic components of autobiographical memories.

Answer 26

personal semantic memories

Question 27

Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events.

Answer 27

somatization of remote memories

Question 28

The hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.

Answer 28

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Question 29

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.

Answer 29

Explicit memories

Question 30

Long-term memory can be divided into ____ memory and ____ memory.

Answer 30

explicit, implicit

Question 31

There are a number of different types of implicit memory. Three of the main types are

Answer 31

procedural memory, priming, and conditioning.

Question 32

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.

Answer 32

implicit memories

Question 33

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so.

Answer 33

Procedural memory

Question 34

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention.

Answer 34

expert-induced amnesia

Question 35

A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus

Answer 35

Priming

Question 36

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

Answer 36

repetition priming

Question 37

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

Answer 37

propaganda effect

Question 38

Classical conditioning occurs when the following two stimuli are paired:

Answer 38

(1) a neutral stimulus that initially does not result in a response and (2) a conditioning stimulus that does result in a response

Question 39

Check My Work Primacy effect is to recency effect as ___ is to ___. a. beginning; end b. end; beginning c. recall; recognition d. recognition; recall

Answer 39

a. beginning; end

Question 40

Suppose a subject began recall of a list of words after counting backwards for 30 seconds. What would be the likely consequence of doing this?

Answer 40

The recency effect is eliminated.

Question 41

There is contemporary research that, in addition to the hippocampus, structures in the ___ lobe may be linked with ___ memory.

Answer 41

b. temporal; long- and short-term

Question 42

After spending all day at the library, Kathy said, "My brain is stuffed. I can't study anymore. Nothing I read is sticking." Kathy is experiencing ________ interference.

Answer 42

proactive

Question 43

Which stimulus is most likely to be semantically coded? a. a hot dog b. a toy dog c. a photo of a dog d. a barking dog

Answer 43

d. a barking dog

Question 44

Identifying voxels in an fMRI scan that light up when a person sees a photo of a particular scene for the first time is an example of ________

Answer 44

physiological coding

Question 45

Henry Molaison's inability to form lasting memories was the result of removing which part of his brain?

Answer 45

hippocampus

Question 46

What criterion did Tulving use to define the difference between semantic memories and episodic memoires?

Answer 46

experience

Question 47

Ronnie told his friend Sasha, "Last Thursday when it got below freezing and the roads were icy, I went to that new sushi place on Rte 38 for the $12.99 all-you-can-eat special." Which part of Ronnie's autobiographical memory is episodic?

Answer 47

I had dinner at the sushi place

Question 48

Which term best reflects the aspect of memory that people lose with age? a. experience b. knowledge c. sensation d. semantics

Answer 48

a. experience

Question 49

Political propaganda is an effective tool to manage and control the public due to the effect of ________.

Answer 49

Priming

Question 50

how do we measure declarative memory?

Answer 50

Recall and recognition

Question 51

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

Answer 51

encoding

Question 52

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.

Answer 52

retrieval

Question 53

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information

Answer 53

maintenance rehearsal

Question 54

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge.

Answer 54

elaborative rehearsal

Question 55

An early idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval, proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972), is called ____

Answer 55

levels of processing theory

Question 56

The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal

Answer 56

depth of processing

Question 57

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal

Answer 57

Shallow processing

Question 58

The three types of questions were designed to create different levels of processing:

Answer 58

(1)physical features = shallow processing; (2)rhyming = deeper processing; (3)fill in the blanks = deepest processing.

Question 58

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal

Answer 58

Deep processing

Question 59

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.

Answer 59

paired-associate learning

Question 60

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.

Answer 60

self-reference effect

Question 61

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Answer 61

generation effect

Question 63

a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory

Answer 63

retrieval cue

Question 64

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

Answer 64

testing effect

Question 65

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Answer 65

spacing effect

Question 66

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented.

Answer 66

free recall

Question 67

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli

Answer 67

cued recall

Question 68

specific situations in which retrieval is increased by matching conditions at retrieval to conditions at encoding. These different ways to achieve matching are

Answer 68

(1)encoding specificity—matching the context in which encoding and retrieval occur; (2)state-dependent learning—matching the internal mood present during encoding and retrieval; and (3)transfer-appropriate processing—matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval.

Question 69

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Answer 69

encoding specificity

Question 70

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity.

Answer 70

state-dependent learning

Question 71

Donald Morris and coworkers (1977) did an experiment that showed that retrieval is better if the same cognitive tasks are involved during both

Answer 71

encoding and retrieval

Question 71

When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.

Answer 71

transfer-appropriate processing

Question 71

who did an experiment in which two groups of participants learned lists of nonsense syllables.

Answer 71

German psychologists Georg Müller and Alfons Pilzecker

Question 71

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

Answer 71

consolidation

Question 72

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

Answer 72

Synaptic consolidation

Question 73

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Answer 73

Systems consolidation

Question 74

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

Answer 74

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 75

The case of HM, who lost his ability to form new memories after his ___ was removed

Answer 75

hippocampus

Question 76

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

Answer 76

standard model of consolidation

Question 77

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

Answer 77

reactivation

Question 78

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.

Answer 78

retrograde amnesia

Question 79

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

Answer 79

graded amnesia

Question 80

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

Answer 80

multiple trace model of consolidation

Question 81

A procedure for determining the pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures.

Answer 81

Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

Question 82

In multivoxel pattern analysis, the classifier is a computer program designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity.

Answer 82

classifier

Question 83

Bonnici found that

Answer 83

(1) more information about remote memories compared to recent memories was contained in the prefrontal cortex, and (2) information about both recent and remote memories was represented throughout the hippocampus, with the posterior hippocampus containing more information about remote memories

Question 84

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

Answer 84

Reconsolidation

Question 85

Alain Brunet and coworkers (2008) tested the idea that ___ of a memory followed by ___ can help alleviate the symptoms of PTSD

Answer 85

reactivation, reconsolidation

Question 86

If you have participated in paired-associate learning, then you likely

Answer 86

heard a variety of words paired with other words and had to recall which word was paired with another.

Question 87

Suppose you do a memory test and hear the words "shy," "kind," and "intelligent"—which, coincidentally, also describe your personality. Due to ___ you'd likely have good recall for these words.

Answer 87

the self-reference effect

Question 88

What is the key distinction between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 88

meaning

Question 89

The sentence "Every good boy deserves fudge" is used by music students to represent notes on the lines of the treble clef. Which concept does this reflect?

Answer 89

retrieval cue

Question 90

Research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___.

Answer 90

levels of processing theory

Question 91

According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex

Answer 91

occurs in a number of different areas.

Question 92

Due to a car accident, Meg has suffered an injury and now cannot form new memories. As such, it appears that she has ___ amnesia.

Answer 92

anterograde

Question 93

Ahmad suffered a brain injury where he cannot recall past events that occurred years ago. Based on this information, it would appear that he has ___ amnesia.

Answer 93

retrograde

Question 94

What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin?

Answer 94

Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories

Question 95

Research on consolidation and sleep suggests that recall is best if

Answer 95

one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

Question 96

Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible.

Answer 96

fragility

Question 97

Mr. Gomez has found that his students' performance on a unit exam is enhanced by their taking weekly quizzes on content covered in the unit. What method is Mr. Gomez using with his students?

Answer 97

retrieval practice

Question 98

Research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning demonstrated the value of using ________ to improve memory.

Answer 98

images

Question 99

How are creating self-references and forming visual images similar?

Answer 99

They both engage deep processing.

Question 100

In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation?

Answer 100

modification

Question 101

The spacing effect would seem to contradict which of the following practices?

Answer 101

cramming for a final exam

Question 102

Rereading material for a class many times is considered an ineffective study strategy. Rather than learning, this practice simply makes you ________.

Answer 102

fluent

Question 103

What is the key difference between free recall and cued recall?

Answer 103

hints

Question 104

Simply highlighting a textbook without later reviewing it is an ineffective study method because the activity is mainly ________.

Answer 104

physical