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sensation and perception recap Flashcards

1
Q

vision: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

electromagnetic energy, photoreceptors, eye, primary visual cortex

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2
Q

hearing: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

air pressure waves, mechanoreceptors, ear, auditory cortex

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3
Q

touch: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

tissue distortion, mechano/thermoreceptors, skin/muscle, somatosensory cortex

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4
Q

balance: stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

gravity/acceleration, mechano, vestibular organs, temporal cortex

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5
Q

taste/smell:stimulus, receptor, sensory structure, cortex

A

chemical composition, chemo, nose/mouth, primary taste cortex/olfactory cortex

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6
Q

perception map

A

stimulus in enviro—> light reflected and focused—> receptor processes (transduction, transmutation/processing)—-> neutral processing—> perception<_---> recognition<---> action</_--->

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7
Q

perception and recognition

A

I see something and its an oak tree!

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8
Q

transduction is when…

A

individual sense organs transduce energy from env event –> neural activity (nerve impulses)

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9
Q

how does transduction occur?

A

because sense organs have specialised receptors

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10
Q

transduction simplified

A

environmental energy–> receptors–> nerve impulses

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11
Q

transmission

A

carries signal from receptors to brain and around brain, 1 neuron activates next

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12
Q

processing

A

electrical energy processed through network of neurons

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13
Q

bottom- up processing

A

data based- based on incoming stimuli from environment

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14
Q

top-down processing

A

knowledge based- based on existing info/previous knowledge

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15
Q

3 approaches to study of perception:
1) PP, PSYCHOPHYSICAL APP
2) PH 1, PHYSIOLOGICAL APP
3) PH2, PHYSIOLOGICAL APP

A

1- stimulus-> perception
2- stimulus-> physiology
3- physiology-> perception

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16
Q

neuroanatomy

A

structure and connectivity of nervous system

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17
Q

neurophysiology

A

how neurons work and communicate

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18
Q

peripheral NS
2 parts:

A

somatic= controls voluntary muscles (biceps) and transports sensory info to CNS

autonomic= controls involuntary muscles (heart/ digestion)

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19
Q

within autonomic NS (involuntary)
2 systems

A

sympathetic NS- speeds up
parasympathetic NS- slows down

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20
Q

recap of NS

A

NS:
1- CNS—-> brain and spine
2- PNS –>
- somatic
- autonomic has…
(sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) for involuntary processes like digestion.

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21
Q

the cerebral cortex divides into 4 brain lobes located…

A

frontal (top left)
parietal ( top right
temporal (bottom left)
occipital (bottom right)

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22
Q

where each cortex is in the brain lobes

A
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23
Q

cerebrum divided into 2 hemispheres

A

left H- controls right part of our body

right H- controls left part of our body

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality, speech, problem solving and movements ( primary motor association cortex)

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25
temporal lobe
sound and memory ( auditory association cortex)
26
parietal lobe
touch, temp and pain ( somatosensory association cortex)
27
occipital lobe
vision ( visual association cortex)
28
quick recap lobe and cortex - frontal - temporal -parietal - occipital
f- motor t- auditory p- somatosensory o- visual
29
cerebellum
balance, coordination and motor movement
30
brain stem functions
breathing, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, heartbeat
31
in middle of brain the pituitary gland produces
hormones that control growth, and production of sperm and eggs 2 lobes anterior - growth, reproduction, testosterone prod, thyroid (metabolism) and posterior- oxytocin (childbirth and lactation) and vasopressin (urine) hypothalamus controls release of these hormones
32
in the middle of the brain the pineal gland produces...
hormone melatonin (sleep)
33
CNS Dif parts of the brain forebrain midbrain hindbrain
forebrain: voluntary 1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus 3. cerebral cortex (4 lobes) 4. limbic system 5. corpus callosum midbrain: involuntary hindbrain: involuntary 1. cerebellum 2. pons 3. medulla
34
the 'c's' cerebral cortex cerebellum cerebrum
the cerebral cortex is the OUTER LAYER of the cerebrum big part of the brain with all four lobes the CC is the majority of the forebrain the cerebellum is part of the Hind brain, the lump at the bottom in control of motor mov, balance... the cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres the outer layer called the cerebral cortex (gray matter- 4 lobes) and the inner layer (white matter). the white matter contains many nerves (axons) that exchanges info and communicates info to Dif parts of the brain - its called white matter because the axons are covered in myelin shieths ( to speed up conduction) which are white
35
functions of the forebrain thalamus hypothalamus cerebral cortex limbic system corpus callosum
thalamus - in each cerebral hemisphere ( left and right side of brain) is the RELAY CENTRE.... as info comes up spine goes to thalamus first and then onto the cortex ( 4 lobes) has lots of Dif specialised nuclei for Dif sensory info. hypothalamus- left and below of thalamus (pituitary gland is attached to left and below of hypo (v small))- HOMEOSTASIS AND HORMONES and CONTROLS AUTONOMIC NS ( symp and para) , manipulates hormone release by controlling pituitary gland "master gland" cerebral cortex- outer layer of cerebrum which has the 4 lobes limbic system- has amygdala ( emotions) and hippocampus ( LTM) corpus callosum- allows info to transmit from one side of the brain to the other
36
function of the hind brain: cerebellum pons medulla
cerebellum- control coordination and balance pons - part of brain stem, links brain to spine, unconscious processes like sleep breathing etc. medulla oblongata- bellow pons in brain stem, cardiovascular and respiratory systems
37
nerves and job olfactory optic oculomotor
smell vision eye mov
38
what determines how much of the cortex is devoted to a function?
the complexity the task
39
neuron soma dendrite axon terminal button synapse myelin shieth glial cell node of ranvier
celll body receives info from other neurons carries info from soma to terminal buttons forms synapses and sends info to next neuron junction - synaptic transmittion insulating - forms white matter a cell that makes myelin sheaths naked portion of axon, speeds up conduction , located between glial cells
40
damage to myelin sheaths can cause problems like...
multiple sclerosis (MS)
41
neurons are surrounded by solution of ions... sodium chloride potassium
positive neg positive
42
action potential 1. D 2. AP 3. R 4. H
depolarisation- na channels open, na enters and locally depolarises axon, which further depolarises the adjacent (next to) region to open more na channel, K also enters - MAKING MORE POSITIVE 3- na close and k remain open for a bit, k then shut 4- refractory period state of recovery t keep unidirectional flow
43
synaptic transmission
NT released by vesicles in preS N received by postS memb on receptor sights lock and key change in voltage - AP
44
2 types of NT excitatory inhibitory
e= cause depolarisation neuron becomes more positive increase likelihood of AP -= cause hyperpolarisation neuron becomes more negative lower chance of AP
45
visible light is a specific band of energy within.... measured in ...
the electromagnetic spectrum wavelength ( the Dif between the peaks of the waves ) nm
46
dopamine function malfunction
mov, motiv, emotional pleasure and arousal high levels = scitzophrenia low levels= Parkinson's/ tremors
47
glutamate function and enzyme malfunction
major excitatory NT- learning and memory glutamate dehydrogenase oversupply= migraines or seizures
48
gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) function and enzyme malfunction
primary inhibitor neurotransmitter GABA transaminase undersupply= anxiety tremors
49
noradrenaline function and enzyme malfunction
mood and arousal monoamine oxidase undersupply= depression
50
serotonin function and enzyme malfunction
hunger sleep arousal/agression monoamine oxidase undersupply= depression
51
endorphins function and enzyme malfunction
emotions lack of= lower pay threshold
52
ST- occurs as long as NT is in synapse 3 ways to stop synaptic transmutation
reuptake pre-synaptic auto-receptor ( vesicle stops releasing NT) enzymatic degration - NT broken down by enzymes
53
agonistic drugs increase the ... and block... morphine, heroin basically and painkillers
synthesis of NT release of NT block inhibitory effect on presynaptic receptors ( so they stay in synapse) block reuptake of NT ( so stay in synapse) activate the post synaptic receptor
54
antagonistic drugs block..... and....
synthesis of NT release of NT destroy NT in synapse block NT binding to post synaptic membrane
55
short wavelength = long wavelength = visible to humans range =
gamma rays radio waves 400-700nm
56
how is an image formed, what work together??
the lens and the cornea are optical components, together they form an inverted image on the retina (back of eye) cornea = 80% lens= 20%
57
def of eye parts: cornea= scelera= iris= lens=
transparent tissue at front of eye tough white tissue that coats the rest of the eye muscle that controls the size of the pupil and so amount of light that enters the eye bends incoming light
58
accommodation occurs when we adjust eyesight to see things in Dif distances... by..
the ciliary muscles tighten causing the lens to thicken and bend light more, to focus on nearby objects
59
optical problems:does... caused by.. corrected by myopia or nearsightedness, refractive vs axial hyperopia or farsightedness
m- can't see things far away, refractive= cornea or less bend too much light, axial= eyeball is too long h- can't see close things clearly, eyeball too short
60
the near point is the distance where... presbyopia (old age)...
the lens can no longer adjust for close objects distance increases with age due to hardening of lens and weakening of ciliary muscles.
61
photoreceptors in the eye = outer layer of them contains .... visual transduction occurs when... retinal changes chape in a process called...
rods and cones rhodopsin - opsin (protein) and retinal (light sensitive mol) the retinal absorbs light isomerization
62
blind spot is the place where...
the optic nerve leaves the eye , the brain fills in the spot
63
fovea is the part of the retina which provides our it has the most... peripheral retina= periphery=
highest acuity vision cones rods and cones rods>cones
64
rods allow us to see in ..... cones allow us to see in ...
in light but no colour colour under normal light conditions
65
rods to ganglion cell cones to ganglion cell ratio
more rods, less cones so cones give more resolution so can see in dark
66
rods are more sensitive to light so...
they take less light to respond which is why they can see in dim light
67
when visible light falls on an object it is either ...... (solid objects) or ..... (transparent objects)
reflected.... transmitted
68
wavelengths short medium long long and medium long medium and short
blue green red yellow white
69
rod photo pigment absorbs best at .... cone pigments absorb best at ..... short, ..... middle, ... long known as the...
500nm 419 ( blue), 532 (green), 558 (red) ---- trichchromatic theory of colour vision - sermon von Helmholtz
70
the opponent-process theory of colour vision by....
ewald hering
71

psychology (20 decks)

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