Sensation & Perception

Question 1

sensory receptors

Answer 1

sensory nerves that respond to stimuli

Question 2

senosry ganglia

Answer 2

collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 3

projection areas

Answer 3

areas in the brain that analyze sensory input

Question 4

absolute threshold

Answer 4

the minimum of stimulus energy that will activate a sensory system

Question 5

threshold of conscious perception

Answer 5

the minimum stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brough into awareness

Question 6

difference threshold

Answer 6

the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can percieve this difference

Question 7

weber’s law

Answer 7

just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus

Question 8

signal detection theory

Answer 8

refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as:
* experiences
* motives
* expectations on perception of stimuli
* accounts for response bias

Question 9

adaptation

Answer 9

refers to a increase or decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus

Question 10

Hearing

what makes up the outer ear?

Answer 10

• pinna (auricle)
• external auditory canal
• typamic membrane

Question 11

Hearing

What makes up the middle ear?

Answer 11

• malleus: hammer
• incus: anvil
• stapes: stirrup

Acronym: MIS and HAS

Question 12

Hearing

what makes up the inner ear?

Answer 12

• bony labyrinth: filled with perilymph
• membranous labyrinth: filled with endolymph

Question 13

Hearing

what makes up the membranous labyrinth?

Answer 13

• cochlea (sound)
• utricle & saccule (linear acceleration)
• semicircular canals (rotational acceleration & balance)

Question 14

Hearing

what makes up projection areas?

Answer 14

• superior olive
• inferior colliculus

Question 15

Hearing

superior olive

Answer 15

• localizes sound
• located in brain stem

Question 16

Hearing

inferior colliculus

Answer 16

• startle reflex
• used in both eyes and ears in the vestibulo-occular reflex

Question 17

Hearing

vestibulo-occular reflex

Answer 17

keeps the eyes fixed on a single point as the head rotates

Question 18

Hearing

auditory pathway

Answer 18

cochlea –> vestibulocochlear nerve –> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) –> auditory cortex

Question 19

Vision

Cornea

Answer 19

gathers incoming light

Question 20

Vision

iris

Answer 20

• controls size of pupil
• colored part of eye
• divides front of the eye into the anterior & posterior chamber
• contains 2 muscles, the dilator and constrictor pupillae

Question 21

Vision

lens

Answer 21

refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina

Question 22

Vision

aqueous humor

Answer 22

• produced by the ciliary body
• nourishes the eye and gives the eye shape
• drains through the canal of Schlemm

Question 23

Vision

retina

Answer 23

capture the light that enters the eye and translate it into an image

Question 24

Vision

rods

Answer 24

• detect light/dark
• contains rhodopsin

Question 25

# Vision cones

Answer 25

* color * short/ medium/ long * are in the fovea, which is part of the macula

Question 26

# Vision Pathway from retina

Answer 26

rods/cones --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells --> optic nerves

Question 27

# Vision Retinal Disparity

Answer 27

* space between eyes * allows for binocular vision and depth

Question 28

# Vision horizontal & amacrine cells

Answer 28

integrates signals from ganglion cells and performs edge-sharpening

Question 29

# Vision Support

Answer 29

vitreous on inside sclera and choroid on outside

Question 30

# Vision parallel processing

Answer 30

color, form, motion at same time

Question 31

# Vision magnocellular cells

Answer 31

* motion * high temporal resolution

Question 32

# Vision parvocellular cells

Answer 32

* shape * high spatial resolution

Question 33

# Vision visual pathway

Answer 33

eye --> optic nerves --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) --> visual radiations --> visual cortex

Question 34

# Object Recognition Top-Down processing

Answer 34

* the recognition of an object by memories and expectations * little attention to detail * uses background knowledge

Question 35

# Object Recognition bottom-up processing

Answer 35

* details --> whole * recognition of objects by feature detection * not influenced by background knowledge

Question 36

# Object Recognition gestalt principles

Answer 36

* proximity * similarity * continutity * closure * all are governed by the law of pragnanz

Question 37

# Other senses two-point threshold

Answer 37

minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felts as two distinct stimuli

Question 38

# Other senses physiological zero

Answer 38

the normal temp of skin which objects are compared to