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MCAT Pysch/Soc > Biology & Behavior > Flashcards

Biology & Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A
  • Functions of major sections of the brain
  • used extripation study parts of brain
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3
Q

William James

A
  • Functionalism: how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment
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4
Q

John Dewey

A

Functionalism

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • Studies people with legions in specific regions of brain
  • Brocas: speed production
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6
Q

Hermann von Helmoltz

A
  • speed of impulse
  • made psychology a science
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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Synapes

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective

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9
Q

Brain Organization

What parts of the brain are in the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • reticular formation
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10
Q

Brain Organization:

What parts of the brain are in the midbrain?

A

inferior and superior colliculi

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11
Q

Brain Organization:

What parts of the brain are in the forebrain?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • cerebral cortex
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12
Q

Forebrain

Function of Thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information

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13
Q

Forebrain

Function of hypothalamus

A
  • homeostasis
  • 4 F’s: fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornication
  • integrates with endocrine system
  • hypothalamus –> hypophyseal portal –> anterior pituitary
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14
Q

Forebrain

Function of Basal Ganglia

A
  • smooth movements
  • postural activity
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15
Q

Forebrain

Function of limbic system

A
  • septal nuclei: pleasure and addiction
  • amygdala: fear and aggression
  • hippocampus: emotion and memory
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16
Q

Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)

Function of frontal lobe

A
  • executive function
  • impulse control
  • speech
  • motor
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17
Q

Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)

Function of parietal lobe

A
  • touch
  • pressure
  • temp
  • pain
  • spatial processing
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18
Q

Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)

Function of occipital lobe

A

visual

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19
Q

Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)

Function of temporal lobe

A
  • sound
  • speech perception
  • memory
  • emotion
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20
Q

Forebrain

Function of left cerebral hemisphere

A
  • analytic
  • language
  • logica
  • math
21
Q

Forebrain

Function of right cerebral hemisphere

A
  • intuition
  • creativity
  • spatial processing
22
Q

Nervous System

sensory neuron pathway

A

afferent, receptors –> spinal cord

23
Q

Nervous System

interneurons pathway

A
  • between others neurons
  • mainly CNS
24
Q

Nervous System

reflex arcs pathway

A

interneurons in spinal cord relay info to the source of stimuli while simultaneouslt routing it to the brain

25
Q

Nervous System

CNS pathway

A

brain –> spinal cord

26
Q

Nervous system

PNS pathway

A

nervous tissue and fibers outside CNS

27
Q

Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary

28
Q

Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic = fight or flight
Parasympathetic = rest and digest

29
Q

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

A
  • move muscles (somatic NS)
  • also used by the parasympathetic and CNS
30
Q

Neurotransmitters

Dopamine

A
  • maintains smooth movements
  • steady posture
  • reward signaling pathway
31
Q

Neurotransmitters

Endorphins & Enkephalines

A

natural pain killers

32
Q

Neurotransmitters

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

A
  • maintain wakefulness and mediate fight or flight response
  • epinephrine tend to act as a hormone
  • norepinephrine tends to act as a neurotransmitter
33
Q

Neurotransmitters

GABA

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitters
  • act as brain stabilizers
  • glycine serves similar function
34
Q

Neurotransmitters

Glutamate

A

acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter

35
Q

Neurotransmitters

Serotonin

A

modulate:
* mood
* sleep
* eating
* dreaming

36
Q

Hormones

Cortisol

A

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

37
Q

Hormones

tesosterone & estrogen

A
  • mediate libido
  • testerone increases aggressive behavior
  • both are produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex
38
Q

Hormones

epinephrine & norepinephrine

A
  • released by adrenal medulla
  • cause physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervouse system
39
Q

Development

The nervous system develpes through [–], in which the [–] stimulates overlying [–] to fold over, creating a [–] topped with [–]

A

The nervous system develpes through neurulation, in which the notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating a neural tube topped with neural crest cells

40
Q

Development

Neural Tube

A

becomes the CNS

41
Q

Development

Neural Crest Cells

A

spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

42
Q

Development

Primitive Reflexes

A

exist in infants and should disappear with age

43
Q

Development

Rooting Reflex

A

turns head toward stimulus

44
Q

Development

Moro Reflex

A

extend arms, response to falling sensation

45
Q

Developement

Babinski Reflex

A

big toe is extended and other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole of foot

46
Q

Development

Grasping Reflex

A

Grabs anything put into hands

47
Q

Development

What are the development milestones?

A
  • gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core to periphery
  • social skills shift from parent-oriented to other-oriented
  • language and skills become increasingly complex
48
Q

binocular depth cues

A

retinal disparity = each of our eyes recieves slightly different information about an object to construct a perception of the object’s location in 3D space

49
Q

monocular depth cues

A
  • retinal height of an object
  • when there is something occluding the object
  • how textured an object appears

MCAT Pysch/Soc (12 decks)

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