Senses

Question 1

Information is gathered by tactile/touch sensation (skin)

Answer 1

General senses

Question 2

Senses that lack specific sensory organ

Answer 2

General senses

Question 3

Information gathered by specialized sensory organs specifically made for that sensation

Answer 3

Special senses

Question 4

Examples of special senses

Answer 4

vision, taste, hearing, balance, smell

Question 5

What do sensory receptors do?

Answer 5

Respond to outside or external stimuli

Question 6

What are the three types of general sensory receptors?

Answer 6

Exteroreceptors, Interoreceptors, Proprioceptors

Question 7

What do exteroreceptors react to?

Answer 7

Stimuli in the external environment

Question 8

What is an example of an exteroreceptor?

Answer 8

receptors in the eye

Question 9

What is another name for interoreceptors?

Answer 9

visceroreceptors

Question 10

What do interoreceptors respond to?

Answer 10

Stimuli arising in the body

Question 11

What is an example of interoreceptors?

Answer 11

chemoreceptors

Question 12

What do proprioreceptors respond to?

Answer 12

Internal stimuli from skeletal muscles, joints, and ligaments/tissues covering bones and muscles

Question 13

What do transducers do?

Answer 13

Change stimuli into nerve impulses that are recognized by the CNS

Question 14

What type of receptor is a transducer?

Answer 14

Sensory receptor

Question 15

Sensation

Answer 15

awareness of stimulus

Question 16

Perception

Answer 16

interpretation of stimulus

Question 17

What are the 4 qualities of cutaneous sensation?

Answer 17

tactile, heat, cold, pain

Question 18

What is punctate distribution

Answer 18

not distributed evenly throughout the body

Question 19

What type of receptor is most abundant?

Answer 19

pain receptora

Question 20

the 4 qualities of cutaneous sensation are / are not distributed evenly throughout the body

Answer 20

are not

Question 21

what is tactile localization

Answer 21

ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched

Question 22

what is adaptation

Answer 22

when a stimulus remains constant without our reaction, the CNS recognizes it and the receptor discharge slows

Question 23

what is an example of adaptation?

Answer 23

clothing on our skin

Question 24

referred pain

Answer 24

pain perceived in a general location rather than from the actual site

Question 25

phantom pain

Answer 25

neuropathic pain, often associated with missing limbs

Question 26

how much of the eye's anterior surface if observable?

Answer 26

1/6

Question 27

why is the rest of the eyes anterior surface not observable

Answer 27

it is covered by adipose and the bony orbit

Question 28

what does the lateral rectus do

Answer 28

moves eye laterally

Question 29

what does the medial rectus do

Answer 29

moves eye medially

Question 30

what does the superior rectus do

Answer 30

elevated eye and turns it medially

Question 31

what does the inferior rectus do

Answer 31

depresses eye and turns it medially

Question 32

what does the inferior oblique do

Answer 32

elevates eye and turns it laterally

Question 33

what does the superior oblique do

Answer 33

depresses eye and turns it laterally

Question 34

optic disc

Answer 34

(blindspot) site where there are no photoreceptors at fundus (posterior wall of the eye)

Question 35

macula lutea

Answer 35

(yellow spot) area of high cone density

Question 36

fovea centralis

Answer 36

contains only cones and is the area of greatest visual activity

Question 37

aqueous (watery) humor

Answer 37

maintains intraocular pressure and provides nutrients for the cornea and lens

Question 38

vitreous (gel like) humor

Answer 38

reinforcement of posterior part of eyeball and keeps retina pressed against the walls of the eyeball

Question 39

how many major neuron populations in the retina

Answer 39

3

Question 40

what are the 3 major neuron populations that make up the retina

Answer 40

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 41

rodes

Answer 41

specialized photoreceptors for dim light

Question 42

cones

Answer 42

color photoreceptors

Question 43

fovea centralis only contains ____

Answer 43

cones

Question 44

retina periphery contains more _____

Answer 44

rods

Question 45

what is the visual pathway to the brain

Answer 45

optic chiasma & the optic tracts - geniculate nucleus - optic radiation - primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain

Question 46

what is accomodation

Answer 46

ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of close vision

Question 47

light rays are _____ or ____ when moving from one medium to another (vitreoud humor, cornea, lens)

Answer 47

refracted, bent

Question 48

the image formed on the retina is _____, _____, and ____ than the object (real image)

Answer 48

reversed, inverted, smaller

Question 49

emmetropic eye

Answer 49

normal eye

Question 50

what does the normal eye do

Answer 50

it is above to accomodate to objects properly

Question 51

astigmatism

Answer 51

irregularities in the curvatures of lens/cornea, presented in younger populations

Question 52

presbyopia

Answer 52

difficulties focusing for near or close vision (blurry vision) due to aging and loss of lens elasticity

Question 53

what test is done to test for problems arising from refraction

Answer 53

near-point accomodation test

Question 54

visual activity

Answer 54

"sharpness of vision" is tested using the snellen eye chart

Question 55

3 cone types photoreceptors in color blindness

Answer 55

red, green, blue

Question 56

extrinsic muscles of the eye

Answer 56

rectus, oblique

Question 57

what are the extrinsic muscles of the eye responsible for

Answer 57

convergence, or medial eye movement, essential for near vision

Question 58

convergence

Answer 58

allows both eyes to "converge" towards the near object and produce a clear image

Question 59

3 major areas of the ear

Answer 59

external, middle, internal

Question 60

external and middle ear

Answer 60

sense of hearing

Question 61

internal ear

Answer 61

sense of balance/equilibrium

Question 62

normal human hearing range

Answer 62

20 hz to 20,000 hz

Question 63

what causes sensorineural deafness

Answer 63

damage to neural structures (cochlear hair cells to neurons)

Question 64

presbycusis

Answer 64

type of sensorineural deafness in older people (cant hear high pitched sounds)

Question 65

what causes presbycusis

Answer 65

deterioration of the spiral organ

Question 66

another name for equilibrium apparatus

Answer 66

vestibular apparatus

Question 67

what does vestibular apparatus contain

Answer 67

utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts filled with endolymph. receptor cells that are activated by the bending of hair bundle on hair cells

Question 68

function of semicircular canals

Answer 68

monitor head rotational acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)

Question 69

base of semicircular canals

Answer 69

ampulla - crista ampullaris (receptor region) - ampullary cupula (hair covered with gelatinous cap)

Question 70

what is the 2nd equilibrium apparatus

Answer 70

maculae

Question 71

where is the macullae located

Answer 71

in the membranous utricle and saccule

Question 72

function of maculae

Answer 72

receptors monitor head position and acceleration in a straight line (static equilibrium), responds to gravitational pull

Question 73

semicircular canals and maculae function _____ upon each other to assert equilibrium of the body

Answer 73

dependently

Question 74

receptors for olfaction and taste are considered _____

Answer 74

chemoreceptors

Question 75

organ of smell

Answer 75

olfactory epithelium

Question 76

where is the olfactory epithelium found

Answer 76

roof of nasal cavity

Question 77

3 cell types in olfactory epithelium

Answer 77

olfactory sensory neurons (bipolar neurons), supporting cells, olfactory stem cells

Question 78

what are taste buds

Answer 78

receptors for taste that are widely but not uniformly distributed in the oral cavity

Question 79

where are taste buds found

Answer 79

most in papillae (mostly found on dorsal surface of tongue), soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx, inner cheeks

Question 80

2 types of modified epithelium in each taste bud

Answer 80

gustatory epithelial cells with gustatory hairs and taste pore, basal epithelial cells: precursor cells giving rise to gustatory epithelial cells

Question 81

what is the most abundant taste bud

Answer 81

fungiform papillae

Question 82

what sensory (afferent) neurons are association with olfaction in the taste buds

Answer 82

facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)

Question 83

5 best qualities to categorize taste

Answer 83

bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami (savory)

Question 84

bitter taste is especially sensitive to what part of the mouth

Answer 84

back of the mouth