Sensors Flashcards

Question

Define a ROC curve?

Answer 1

Receiver Operator Characteristic curve is a way of plotting all possible confusion matrices to make it easy to identify the best threshold to make a decision.

Answer 2

X - False positive rate (1 - sensitivity ) Y - true positive rate (specificity )

Answer 3

no true or false negatives

Answer 4

increased probability of detection

Answer 5

increase in the probability of false alarm

Answer 6

Area under the curve

Answer 7

d' or D prime is the distance a ROC curve is from the 0,0 1,1 graph. in general, the further from the 0,0 1,1 graph the better the sensor is, but this will be dependant on risk appetite for false alarms.

Answer 8

Filters impactors dry cyclones wetted wall cyclones

Answer 9

Absorption Adsorption Condensation

Answer 10

Why are you sampling what are you sampling where are you sampling how long are you sampling for

Answer 11

aural biochem magnetic optical radiological thermal

Answer 12

a substance who's chemical constituents are being identified and measured

Answer 13

must be present in sufficient CONCENTRATION or INTENSITY so it can be DETECTED and DIFFERENTIATED from the environment

Answer 14

respiratory percutaneous ocular ingestions

Answer 15

Highly diverse Ambient aerosol

Answer 16

already contains bacteria, viruses and toxins infections are from an aerosol route

Answer 17

contains naturally occurring aerosolised particles physically identical to threat particles present at continually fluctuating levels

Answer 18

filtration impingement/impaction sedimentation precipitation thermal electrostatic

Answer 19

pre-separator filter/collection media airflow controller pump

Answer 20

Flow rate between 1-1.7 m^3/min size selective inlet allow for particles of pre determined range to be captured on a quartz filter (usually less than 10 microns and filter paper determines the minimum size) filter weighted before and after use to determine the mass of particulates caught controlled by mass flow controller or volumetric flow controller

Answer 21

glass fibre quartz fibre borosilicate fibrecellulose and mixed cellulose esters (MCE) PTFE PM 2.5 Glass fibre tape Andersen impactor filters Polycarbonate filter

Answer 22

concentration = mass of pollutant / volume of air

Answer 23

SP = (Wf-Wi)/V(T) x 10^6SP = mass concentration of suspended particulate Wf = final weight of filter Wi = initial volume of filter V(T) = total volume of air sampled 10^6 = conversion of g to ug

Answer 24

a sphere, whose density is 1 g cm^-3 which settles in still air at the same velocity as the particle in question

Answer 25

is defined as the diameter at which 50% of the particles by mass are larger and 50% are smaller.

Answer 26

is a measure of the spread of an aerodynamic particlesize distribution. Typically calculated as follows:GSD = (d84 /d16)^1/2where d84 and d16 represent the diameters at which 84% and 16% of the aerosol mass are contained, respectively, in diameters less than these diameters.

Answer 27

Cyclone3 piece cassette swirling aerosol collector AGI 30 Slit sampler Andersen sampler

Answer 28

Structural, functional, biomaterials

Answer 29

Structural materials are used for their structural integrity and mechanical behaviour. Strength, weight, toughness, hardness…

Answer 30

Functional materials are used for their function or response to a stimulus e.g. magnetic , electrical, optical

Answer 31

materials that have been designed to interface with biological systems, for the treatment, augmentation, or replacement of biological functions. Biomaterials and biological systems interact both ways.

Answer 32

metal, ceramic, polymer, glass, composite

Answer 33

processing Properties Structure

Answer 34

the journey from the ground to a usable material in a system ore - purify

Answer 35

Detect to warn systems must respond in sufficient time to allow protective measures to prevent or minimize exposure of a significant portion of the at risk population. Detect to treat is much longer as you accept people will be affected, you look to mitigating the severity of the exposure

Answer 36

Detect to treat is much longer as you accept people will be affected, you look to mitigating the severity of the exposure

Answer 37

Detect to warn systems must respond in sufficient time to allow protective measures to prevent or minimize exposure of a significant portion of the at risk population.

Answer 38

Point sensing

Answer 39

Stand-off sensing Eg LiDAR

Answer 40

detection of a range of threats ie wide groups of bacteria which a small group might be a threat agent

Answer 41

pass a cell suspension through a light source and measure the fluorescence from the agents

Answer 42

detection of a threat by use of the structural elements of the threat, usually from binding to part of these elements with something that is easy to detect e.g. an agglutination test

Answer 43

Culture Microscopy Immunoassay PCR Chemical Assays

Answer 44

grow agents in conditions that specifically relate certain types of bacteria/fungi etc ie rose Bengal agar is a growing media that inhibits bacteria and allows the identification of the presence of yeast and moulds

Answer 45

Morphological identification of particles

Answer 46

particles with specific epitopes matching the assay antibodiesparticles with parts of the allergen that are identified by the body (epitodes) that in this case match the antibodies present in the assay test.

Answer 47

DNA matching test

Answer 48

identify the biomass of specific chemicals eg ATP

Answer 49

underestimates concentration of all organisms nonculturable organisms are invisible non culturable are classed as noninfective

Answer 50

limited to groups of organisms, not specific strains

Answer 51

limited to organisms that the assay is designed for, therefore only binary resultsCross reactivity is common

Answer 52

limited to organisms that the assay is designed for, therefore only binary results highly specific highly sensitive

Answer 53

only an indicator for large quantities of organisms

Answer 54

direct binding of the target to a specific molecular recognition element

Answer 55

a reversable 'lock and key' event like an antibody with a viral protein

Answer 56

single strand DNA Antibody Peptide Enzyme Lectine Receptor Aptamer Small molecule Imprinted molecule

Answer 57

also known as an immunoglobulin Ig is a large, Y shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Answer 58

liquid sample added to test strip and other reagents added if required target molecules wick through the ticket, bind to immobilized agents and detection molecules in a 'sandwich' format wick usually travels through a testing area before reaching a control line, if no line shows up on control after allotted time, then the test needs repeating.

Answer 59

Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment a method of increasing the number of DNA/RNA strands required for testing and use them to sequence and characterise DNA found in the environment The starting single stranded DNA or RNA library(10 14 ~10 16 random oligonucleotides) is composed of sequences 20~100 nucleotides in length with a random region in the middle flanked by fixed primer sequences. After incubation with the target of interest, the bound oligonucleotides are partitioned from unbound sequences and amplified by PCR . repeated 2-15 times before used as biomarker identification tools.The resulting enriched DNA pool is used for the next round of selection.

Answer 60

Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment

Answer 61

Magnetic optical electrochemical mass acoustic/piezoelectric MEMS

Answer 62

Fluorescence Absorbance SPR/RM Luminescence RAMAN

Answer 63

magneto-elastic giant magneto-resistance (GMR)

Answer 64

MEOMScantileversmicrofluidsmicrocalorimetry

Answer 65

surface wave acousticquartz microbalance

Answer 66

time of flight ion trap ion mobility (MS/MS)

Answer 67

amperometry potentiometric conductimetric molecular electronics

Answer 68

Molecular recognition event is typically a specific interaction that is reversible, analogous to the interaction between a lock and a key, although in many cases the binding would more accurately be described as induced fit, during which the recognition element changes shape upon binding.

Answer 69

Affinity of the target for the molecular recognition elements Non-specific binding of extraneous material at the binding site Sensitivity of detection If attomolar (10 18 ) detection levels are required then high affinity molecular recognition elements with minimal non specific binding required

Answer 70

Sample collection, Sample concentration, Binding of the target to the molecular recognition element, Possible addition and removal of "reporter" groups, Detection of target molecular recognition element complex, Analysis of the output signal, Renewal of the sensor surface for repeated monitoring.

Answer 71

complementary sequence of DNA

Answer 72

proteins, carbohydrates, small organic molecules etc

Answer 73

proteins, carbohydrates, small organic molecules etc

Answer 74

substrate such as biochemicals like glucose, acetic acid

Answer 75

carbohydrate

Answer 76

proteins, carbohydrates, small organic molecules

Answer 77

proteins, carbohydrates, small organic molecules etc

Answer 78

proteins, cells etc

Answer 79

proteins, small organics molecules, whole cells etc

Answer 80

IP-SELEX Capture-SELEX Cell-SELEX CE-SELEX M-SELEX AFM-SELEX AEGIS-SELEX Animal-SELEX

Answer 81

includes immunoprecipitation

Answer 82

oligonucleotide library is immobilized on a support instead of the targets to identify aptamers against small soluble molecules

Answer 83

utilizes whole live cells as targets for selection of aptamers

Answer 84

involes separation of ions based on electrophoretic mobility

Answer 85

combines SELEX with a microfluid system

Answer 86

employs AFM to create a 3D image of the sample surface

Answer 87

utilizes libraries with the artificially expanded genetic code

Answer 88

aptamers are selected directly within live animal models

Answer 89

selects aptamers against proteins under normal physiological conditionsincreased affinity and specificity

Answer 90

suitable for the selection of aptamers against small moleculesimmobilization of the target not requiredused for discovery of structure switching aptamers

Answer 91

Prior knowledge of the target not requiredAptamers are selected against molecules in their native stateMany potential targets available on the cell surfaceProtein purification not required

Answer 92

Fastonly 1-4 rounds of selection requiredreduced non specific bindingtarget immobilization not required

Answer 93

RapidVery effective (small amounts of reagents required)Applicable to small moleculesAutomatable

Answer 94

able to isolate high affinity aptamersFast 3-4 rounds

Answer 95

high specificity of the selected aptamers

Answer 96

selected aptamers bind the targets in their natural environmentPrior knowledge of target not requiredMinimal optimization needed

Answer 97

more time consuming than standard SELEX

Answer 98

some oligonucleotides from the library might not be released/selected

Answer 99

suitable for cell surface targetsRequires high level of technical expertiseCostlyTime consumingPost SELEX identification of target required

Answer 100

not suitable for small targetsexpensive equipment

Answer 101

Not suitable low purity/recovery of aptamerstarget immobilization required

Answer 102

expensive equipment requiredImmobilization of target aptamers required

Answer 103

Poor recognition of the unnatural bases by natural DNA polymerases

Answer 104

time consuming (man rounds required)

Answer 105

test kits in the range of 1g-1ug (visible to particles)Field instruments in the range of 1ug-1pg (particles/vapour)Dogs in the range of 1fg-1ag (vapour)

Answer 106

170cm^2(humans have 10cm^2)

Answer 107

It is the interactions of odour molecules with specific receptor proteins that give specificity. Each olfactory odour receptor neuron has only one functional odour receptor; if the odour molecule interacts with the receptor then the nerve cell will respond.

Answer 108

the use of scientific techniques to investigate potentially criminal uses of radiological and/or nuclear material. most commonly used for counter proliferation purposes, but does have growing use in health and safety outside of civil nuclear too.

Answer 109

–Development and control of military applications of nuclear energy Finding ways to curb the proliferation of states, or even non state actors, with nuclear capabilities; failing that Receiving best possible information on the nuclear programme or weapon arsenal of other states. a growing fourth area - reduce the use of RN material as a non monetary criminal currency

Answer 110

people places materials events (including time components)

Answer 111

Nuclear forensics is the examination of nuclear or other radioactive materials, or of evidence contaminated with radionuclides, in the context of legal proceedings under international or national law related to nuclear security

Answer 112

Alpha Beta Gamma Neutron Muon - not radioactive but part of high energy physics which most RN physicists are best placed to study this as well

Answer 113

scintillator Signal analyser

Answer 114

Gamma spectrometers consist of a (usually HPGe )detector used for measuring photon energies, apre amplifier, an amplifier, an analogue to digitalconverter (ADC ) and a multichannel analyser(MCA).

Answer 115

He-3 gas with photomultiplier giving a count per unit time response

Answer 116

3 quarks, 1 up and 2 down which are generated in some nuclear decay chains and neutral in charge so very difficult to detect. present in the decay chains of plutonium and uranium which could indicate the presence of special nuclear material. this is useful for standoff detection.

Answer 117

a helium atom without the electrons, low travel distance and low penetration properties (sheet of paper will stop them)

Answer 118

3 quarks, 1 up and 2 down which are generated in some nuclear decay chains, most usefully the decay chains of plutonium and uranium which could indicate the presence of special nuclear material. this is useful for standoff detection.

Answer 119

converts energy lost by ionising radiation into pulses of light in solids or liquids which then interacts with a photocathode to give an electron multiplied in a Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) to give electrical signal

Answer 120

analysed by a multi channel analyser and the intensity of each alpha particle energy is taken. it is the intensity at each energy level that allows an analyst to work out what types of radioactive material is present. noting there will probably be multiple elements in differing quantities so the decay chain is useful to cross reference with.

Answer 121

organic (plastic) or inorganic (ZnS or NaI)

Answer 122

electron hole production creates noise which can be mitigated by cooling in liquid nitrogen.

Answer 123

y axis - counts x axis - particle energy

Answer 124

The preamplifier converts a charge pulse to avoltage pulse, while the amplifier provides avoltage gain . The ADC transforms the signal to adigital pulse that is used as input to the MCA. The MCA sorts the pulses according to their pulse height , which is proportional to the photoninteraction energy.

Answer 125

Develop and provide end to end operational response capabilities for detection, recovery, analysis, characterisation and technical attribution from all scenarios, exploiting nuclear and conventional forensics capabilities.

Answer 126

total forensic exploitation

Answer 127

is the determination of a sample’s characteristics. It typically involves an elemental analysis of the sample, most often including isotopic analysis of nuclear materials (i.e. U and Pu) and selected minor constituents (e.g. Pb ). It also includes physical characterization e.g. measuring the key dimensions of solid samples, or for powders particle size and shape distribution.

Answer 128

is the process of combining the information from interpretation with all other available information (e.g. from forensic analysis of non nuclear evidence associated with the sample or from intelligence sources) to determine as full a history as possible of the RN material. This phase is called attribution in the contexts of investigations of nuclear trafficking and terrorism events.

Answer 129

Hazardous materials of concern are used as part of AWE’s other core MOD programmes in support of the UK’s nuclear deterrent over the last 60 years. Unique knowledge base in AWE’s personnel and AWE’s facilities for characterisation of explosives, bulk SNM, radioactive materials. AWE provides key RN technical support to the UK CBRNE Operational Response

Answer 130

Shape Measurement markinggrain analysismicroscopychemical characteristics - composition of the uranium rare earth elemental pattern of the ore major, minor and trace constituents

Answer 131

this is the processes of taking a sample of an analyte and putting it through a sensing capability

Answer 132

the process of trying to identify a potential threat from a long way away

Answer 133

In point detection applications, the biological organisms must pass through the actual detection element. Standoff detection is detection of a biological agent cloud at some distance on the order of kilometres from the target and from the detector

Answer 134

LIght, Detection And Ranging essentially a light illuminated radar system

Answer 135

using a UV 297nm laser biological agents can be induced to fluoresce which can then be detected

Answer 136

navigation and positioning obstacle detection plant regrowth wind speed, turbulence etc (with doppler systems) speed guns 3d scanning

Answer 137

Differential absorption lidar Allows for detection of aerosols and gases in atmosphere

Answer 138

DIAL uses 2 lasers sources, one of the absorption band of interest, the other slightly outside this band and the difference in the intensities allow a concentration of molecule of interest to be calculatedLIDAR is single source and usually based on time of flight

Answer 139

laser induced breakdown spectroscopy high power laser beam generates a plasma plume, the cooling plasma allowing elemental emission lines to be observed Very good for explosive identification

Answer 140

DNA analysis PCR Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Answer 141

ones based on aerosol particle counting with size generate unacceptable false positives unable to distinguish attack vs normal fluctuations in 1-10um range

Answer 142

size and shape analysis combined with UV-LIF is rapid and best used in a building environment due to controllable background noiseoxidation of organisms determined by NAD(P)H fluorescence is a potentially exploitable signature for near real time detection

Answer 143

Long range IR LIDAR cannot distinguish between bio and non bio particles, so high false positive rate Operational systems need to employ temporal comparisons of spectral signatures to decrease false positive readings due to fluctuations in background signatures.

Answer 144

Short range use of UV LIF provides near real time discrimination of biological from non biological particles. The ability to use shorter excitation wavelengths for short distances where atmospheric propagation is not an issue allows information containing spectral properties to be gathered from aerosolized particles

Answer 145

direct energy detection (or incoherrent)coherent detection

Answer 146

laser transmitter scatter from targets recieving optics optical filter photodetector data acquisition

Answer 147

“If we sample a signal at twice its highest frequency, then we can recover it exactly.” However, if the signal is sparse fewer samples are needed for reconstruction

Answer 148

a novel paradigm in data acquisition that allows representing sparse data in an efficient and accurate way, using sparse recovery (SR) techniques based on nonlinear interpolation

Answer 149

to recover a sparse signal from very few nonadaptive, linear measurements by convex optimization

Answer 150

Computed tomography image reconstruction

Answer 151

1. Measure projections 2. First image estimate 3. simulated projections / corrected projections 4. comparison 5. correct images 6. iterative cycle - 3, 4, 5 7. end point - final images

Answer 152

study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience

Answer 153

spam filtering pattern recognition data mining

Answer 154

acquisition of domain knowledge(physics based mathematical model) Algorithm development (algorithm with performance guarantees)

Answer 155

acquisition of data(training set) hypothesis class > learning(black box machine)

Answer 156

supervised learning unsupervised learning (clustering) reinforcements learning

Answer 157

input and output data are known

Answer 158

input only is known

Answer 159

input data and quality measure is known

Answer 160

high energy EM radiation essentially the same as gamma radiation Do not interact with matter much find it hard to pass through dense materials

Answer 161

plancks equation E = hv E= energy h = placks constant 6.626x10-34 J.s V = frequency in Hz

Answer 162

0.01-10nm hard x-rays are wavelengths under 0.2-0.1 nm

Answer 163

have energies above 5-10 KeV

Answer 164

source target detector signal processing/detection algorithm

Answer 165

hot cathoderotating anode (around 10,000 rpm, heat generated approx. 2000C) tungsten target angled 12-15 degrees (though molybdenum or graphite can be used) Rotator

Answer 166

by high velocity electron from the anode knocking out an electron from the K (S) orbital and outer shell electrons dropping to lower energy states and releasing energy in the form of x rays as they do so.

Answer 167

alpha from 2p (outer L) shell to 1s (K) (smaller peak) beta from 3p (middle M) shell to 1s (K) (higher peak)

Answer 168

where a high energy electron passes close to a nucleus, it does not interact with the electrons, but is deflected by the nucleus, this deflection slows the electron and bremsstrahlung radiation is emitted with energy being proportional to how close to the necleus it was (the closer the higher the energy)

Answer 169

Scintillator direct converstion

Answer 170

these operate by converting packets of xray radiation into wavelengths which can then just be detected using CMOS/CCD devices that produce and electrical signals

Answer 171

x-ray photons are directly converted to electrical signals

Answer 172

better energy resolution better spatial resolution higher signal conversion efficiencies

Answer 173

Xray scintillator (xray converted to light, causes scattering) photodiodeelectric circuit (TFT or CMOS) image

Answer 174

xrayCdTe (xray converted to electrical signal, minimal scattering) CMOS circuit Image

Answer 175

Computer tomography table moves through source/detectors and they move around target taking slices over time which are then used at the signal processing stage to build a 3d image

Answer 176

pro 3d so can lead to better object identification can hold certain scans on file for checking for addition/subtraction of material comprehensive con higher dose rates, so may be unsuitable for circumstances where people might be exposed eg lorry backstakes a lot longer

Answer 177

A function based detector is defined as a naturally occurring biological organism or portion of that organism (whether organ, tissue, cell, or receptor) that reacts in a measurable way when exposed to a range of chemical or biological toxic material. eg canary in coal mine

Answer 178

Structure sensing is based in finding the agent that causes the problem Function based sensing is looking for evidence that the agent is present eg contrails/emissions to find planes

Answer 179

inherent system where natural processes are exploited for detection Engineered system, where a cell has been genetically engineered or had sensing materials added to them

Answer 180

Hybrid systems exploit part of the functional process within a cell based response system, even as they are targeted at a specific characterized function.

Answer 181

NAIAD - nerve agent detection system The bioreceptor in this case is the enzymebutyrylcholinesterase , which exhibits the same enzyme activity as human acetylcholinesterase. The enzyme is immobilized onto a temperaturecontrolled pad that is continually washed with butyrylthiocholine methane sulfonate in an aqueousphosphate buffer. The enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of the ester, producing butrylthiocholine , and the concentration is monitored by an electrochemical cell arrangement(this is the transduction system). If nerve agent is present, it inhibits the butyrylcholinesterase , which in turn causes an alteration in the electrical potential within the electrochemical cell, thus triggering an alarm at a present level.This type of detector is extremely sensitive to low levels of nerve agents such as tabun and sarin. Also HCN.

Answer 182

, Competitive assay. Here a similar membrane is formed except that it contains hapten linked gramicidin, ( G h ). The membrane is rinsed with a streptavidin solution after which an appropriatebiotinylated, hapten specific Fab′ is added, forming complexes between the MSL α and the G h . The G h is thus tethered distant from its immobilized inner layer partners, G T , preventing the formation of dimers and lowering the electrical conductance of the membrane. The sensor is stored in this state until the addition of analyte competes with the hapten for the Fab′, liberating the channel and resulting in an increase in the membrane conductance

Answer 183

Fish chromatophores from Betta splendens are used as the cytosensor element in the development of a portable microscale device capable of detecting certain environmental toxins and bacterial pathogens by monitoring changes in pigment granule distribution. Cell based biosensor prototype. The chamber containing chromatophores has wicks inserted for sample delivery,and is placed into the holder. An agent can be applied to the top wick, and the response of the chromatophores is imaged using the LED light source, lens and camera. The image is then processed by the statistical program present in the computer.A heterogeneous population of chromatophores is always present in primary tissue culture, and not all cells respond equally when exposed to many of the environmental toxins tested.

Answer 184

Chromatophores, which are pigment cells responsible for the brilliant colours of fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

Answer 185

1. slow (minutes to hours) response time 2. mostly lab based rather than field deployable 3. Cell based assays prone to poisoning by environmental pollutants 4. Prone to false alarms if not carefully characterised for selectivity, specificity and sensitivity 5. Process of sampling air and getting sample to the cell needs attention 6. preparation of sample adds time to the overall response time 7. needs a life support system is still living

Answer 186

Canaries in coal mines, sarin Chickens as sentinels for encephalitis virus Daphnia to indicate water quality Poland, 8 regularly changes mussels are used to detect water quality changes

Answer 187

less specific less selective therefore potential for false positives is high Do not measure concentrations rely on transduction devices to measure response

Answer 188

can detect presence of wide range of unknown chembio agents

Answer 189

PANTHER PAthogen Notification for THreatening Environemtnal Releases uses cellular analysis and notification of antigen risks and yields to detect pathogens including anthrax, plague, e.coli etc

Answer 190

use genetically engineered jellyfish cells to use antibodies to bind to threats. once a binding has occurred, Ca ++ are released. A bioluminescent protein from the jellyfish cells is released in response to the Ca++ increase, emitting light which is then detected.

Answer 191

chemical detection infrared electrical magnetic radiation

Answer 192

radically different ways of design and manufacturing of components and systems

Answer 193

provides an overview of how different areas of learning from nature overlap

Answer 194

Chemical Infra red vibration pressure fluid flow strain magnetic electric fieldtouch EM radiation

Answer 195

– Specificity and sensitivity of sensors (e.g. snake (IR), moth (chemical)) – Navigation without maps & GPS (optic flow in insects, migrating birds) – Optimised integration of sensors and processing – Sustainability, adaptive capability (physically and behaviourally) – Low processing energy demands; distributed energy.

Answer 196

Exceptional packaging and integration Self assembly and repair Optimum low energy design (low temperature fabrication using readily available material, integration of functions, locomotion, tracking)

Answer 197

robotics bionics bioinspiration biomimetics biomimicry eco-design

Answer 198

Bio mimicry bio mimetics bio derived materials bio fabrication bioinspired

Answer 199

Study of nature, its models, systems, processes and elements and then imitates or takes creative inspiration from them to solve human problems.

Answer 200

The underlying biological paradigms present keeping each species functioning in its own unique way.

Answer 201

matierals made from or originating from living organisms

Answer 202

A process using cells, viruses, proteins, biomaterials and bioactive compounds as building blocks to fabricate advanced biological models, medical therapeutics and non medical biological systems

Answer 203

Ideas inspired by mechanisms or laws operating in biological organisms. Or a conscious strategy by designers to observe and learn principles of design from nature.

Answer 204

structure collection sampling processing (communications) surfaces / receptors power sensor element transduction

Answer 205

Function Scale Morphology Materials

Answer 206

surface area surface modification materials connectivity degradable/fouling

Answer 207

airwater solid

Answer 208

antibodies bio probes synthetic ligands molecular

Answer 209

internal collective external

Answer 210

energy harvesting fuel cells photosynthesis/photoelectric chemical storage accumulators power management

Answer 211

Digital signal processing compressive sensing biology

Answer 212

collect compress reconstruct analyze/act

Answer 213

sparsely sample reconstruct analyse/act

Answer 214

sparsely sample analyse/act

Answer 215

• Biological systems compressively sample environment and do not reconstruct to make critical decisions (Compressive Sensing)• This is achieved by having hard coded, neural circuitry that responds only to necessary information (Machine learning)social zone lower levelpredator zone upper level

Answer 216

colour vision only in the centre, peripheral vision only in black and white

Answer 217

olfaction gustation (taste) surface contact (touch)

Answer 218

receiver operating characteristics curve shows either how different detectors respond compared to the same parameters, or how the same detector changes its detection ability in different environments when controlled for same detection confidence and fixed response time closer to Y axis, the more real alarms are being seen closer to the x axis, the more false alarms present

Answer 219

a way of qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity

Answer 220

a system that autonomously or with human interaction through a series of agreed processes, can take a sample from an environment requiring testing, use one or more sensors to try to identify threats, then provide an response to an analyst.

Answer 221

specificity sensitivity speed cost reliability ease of manufacturing size weight power and consumables ability to work in complex mixtures low false positive rate multianalyte detection continuous/batch sensing ease of operation viability (live vs dead organisms)

Answer 222

time taken from a sensor reaching the limit of detection to generating an alarm

Answer 223

limit of detection or detection threshold - the minimum agent concentration required for a sensor to generate an alarm.

Answer 224

because it is the key trigger point for a system to enter an alert state

Answer 225

demonstrating the results of 12 specifications of one or more sensors

Answer 226

12 spoked wheel where each spoke is a measurable requirement for the sensor system. usually the further from the centre the better the system

Answer 227

weight power consumption Unit cost reliability (MTBF) Operating costs MTBM false positive rate (low dose rate) false positive rate (high dose rate) response time detection confidence sensitivity size

Answer 228

assessment of 18 cardinal points to provide a final summary of how effective a system is, in ability to detect, but also maintain, continuously function and cost benefit

Answer 229

Kg though dependant on system in vivo could be mg, platform could be tonnes

Answer 230

£ or currency of country using device. that said, $ cost does help as an internationally understood baseline for most costings

Answer 231

mean time between failures, or the average time between repairable failures of a technology product

Answer 232

months, though could be context dependant to secs to years

Answer 233

£ per year

Answer 234

mean time between maintenance

Answer 235

weeks, though could be system dependant

Answer 236

number per year, though could be context dependant, so covid with national screening policies could be rate per day

Answer 237

percentage calculated from confusion chart and ROC measurements

Answer 238

ACPLA - Agent Containing Particle per Litre of Air

Answer 239

no, and usually the opposite is true, should a sensor be described as a one size fits all, then it usually fails to meet the minimum requirements for any application.

Answer 240

is fluctuation in sensor responses due to factors that are independent of the measurement environment. a signal to noise ration of more than 1 is important, though in some cases not necessary/ possible. in these cases more processing like conducting a Fourier transform on the data is required, but this does affect the fidelity of the output.

Answer 241

is the sensor response to all factors associated with the measurement environment other than the agent.

Answer 242

is the sensor’s response to the agent.

Answer 243

specificity selectivity sensitivity speed of response stability reproducability repeatability reliability range resolution low false positive rate multi analyte detection continuous/batch sensing ease of operation viability ease of manufacture size ,weight ,power cost

Answer 244

specificity selectivity sensitivity speed of response stability

Answer 245

Range resolution repeatability reliability

Answer 246

low false positive rate multi analyte detection continuous/batch sensing ease of operating viability ease of manufacturing SWAP (size weight and power) Cost

Answer 247

inital cost operating cost response time limit of detection power consumption mission duration consumables maintenance reliability ruggedness/operationally hardened form factor environmental considerations

Sensors Flashcards

Sensors (275 cards)