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Phys Final > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

consists of nerve fibers that carry information between the CNS and other parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

detects, encodes, and transmits peripheral signals to the CNS

A

Afferent division

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3
Q

Stimulation of receptors involves the opening of ______ to depolarize the membrane in order to set off an Action potential

A

ion channels

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4
Q

energy form such as heat, light, sound pressure and chemical changes

A

sensory modalities

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5
Q

retina, (rods and cones) responsive to visible wavelengths of light

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

responsive to mechanical energy

A

mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

__ receptors in muscle fibers and tendons

A

stretch

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8
Q

(conscious and reflex) sensory receptors in joints and muscle spindles

A

proprioception

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9
Q

sensory receptors in tendons to sense the tension on muscles

A

golgi tendon organ

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10
Q

pressure receptors are in the ___

A

skin

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11
Q

hair cell bending in the ear for __ and __

A

sound and balance

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12
Q

__ in certain blood vessels to measure blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

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13
Q

skin, temperature sensitive

A

thermoreceptors

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14
Q

throughout the body to detect changes in osmolarity in body fluid

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

taste, smell and O2 and CO2 in certain blood vessels

A

chemoreceptors

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16
Q

these are pain receptors found in skin

A

nociceptive receptors

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17
Q

the translation of external stimulus to action potentials

A

stimulus transduction

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18
Q

receptor potential is a ____ potential, used to initiate an action potential

A

graded

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19
Q

the magnitude of the graded potential determine the _____ of an action potential

A

frequency

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20
Q

language of the nervous system

A

frequency of an action potential

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21
Q

pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation

A

somatosensory pathways

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22
Q

conscious interpretation of external world derived from sensory input, from a PATTERN of nerve impulses delivered to the brain

A

perception

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23
Q

what organ further manipulates the data we perceive

A

cerebral cortex

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24
Q

there is very little lateral inhibition with __ and __

A

pain and temperature fibers

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25
what type of receptors sense rate of change?
rapidly adapting receptors this is the example with you wearing a watch/ring and you feel it when you first put it on and then you dont feel it again until you touch it and get sensation back. rapidly - changed the position of your watch/ring RAPIDLY
26
what type of receptors use rapidly adapting receptors?!
THERMAL AND TACTILE
27
what type of receptors senses stimulus duration?
slowly adapting receptors YOU ARE SLOW SO YOUR DURATION IS EFFECTED
28
2 types of thermal receptors
warm and cold DUH
29
normal body temp
37 Degrees C
30
normal skin temp
34 degrees C
31
what range can you start stimulating thermal PAIN receptors?
below 14 degrees C and above 44 degrees C
32
pain is mediated by __
nociceptors
33
mechanical, sharp objects
mechanical nocicpetors
34
mechanical (dull, achy pain) and chemical
polynociceptors if you are dull and achy then your are poly cause you have multiple things wrong with you like fibromyalgia
35
lowering of threshold of free nerve endings
hyperalgesia
36
numbness
analgesia
37
unmyelinated fibers are called __
C fibers C isn't a complete circle so it's not offering FULL protection
38
myelinated fibers are called ___
A fibers A for WE WANT A'S cause myelinated is better than unmyelinated (C's, Yuck!)
39
fastest myelinated fiber
A alpha
40
slowest myelinated fiber
Alpha gamma
41
what type of motor neurons are in the ventral horn of spinal cord carrying A ALPHA
alpha
42
what type of motor neurons are in the ventral horn of spinal cord carrying A GAMMA
gamma
43
any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort
reflex
44
the stretch reflex is monosynaptic/polysynaptic
monosynaptic
45
the flexor withdrawl reflex is monosynaptic/polysynaptic
polysynaptic
46
extensors of opposite limb contract, pushing the body AWAY from the pain stimulus
crossed extensor reflex
47
righting reflex and walking reflex are located where within the body?
spinal card
48
in associated with food intake, influence flow of ______ and affect appetitie
digestive juices
49
where are taste buds?
oral cavity and throat
50
taste receptors have life span of ___
10 days WOW!
51
___ consists of taste pore and taste receptor cell
taste bud
52
opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells
taste pore
53
modified epithelial cells with surface folds called MICROVILLI plasma membrane of microvilli contain receptors sites that bind selectively with chemical molecules
taste receptor cells
54
taste provoking chemical
tastant
55
binding of tastant with receptor cell alters cell's ____ to produce depolarizing receptor potential
ionic channel
56
signals conveyed via synaptic stops in brain stem and thalamus to ____________
cortical GUSTATORY area | she loves bullshit like this
57
5 primary tastes
``` Salty Sour Sweet Bitter Umani ```
58
stimulated by chemical salts, especially NaCl
salty
59
caused by acids which contain a free hydrogen ion
sour
60
evoked by configuration of Glucose
sweet
61
brought about by more chemically diverse groups of tastants, examples: alkaloids, toxic plant derivatives, poisonous substances
bitter
62
meaty or savory taste, trigger by GLUTAMATE
umami
63
influenced by information derived from other receptors, especially odor
taste perception
64
__ and __ of food influence taste
temp and texture
65
__ receptors in nose are specialized endings of renewable afferent neurons
olfactory
66
olfactory mucosa contains 3 cell types:
olfactory receptor cell supporting cells basal cells
67
afferent neuron whose receptor portion is in olfactory mucosa in nose and afferent axon traverses into brain, axons of olfactory receptor cells collectively form olfactory nerve
olfactory receptor cell
68
secrete mucous
supporting cells
69
precursors of new olfactory receptor cells (replaced about every TWO months)
basal cells
70
molecules that can be smelled
odorants
71
to be smelled, a substance must be __ and __
VOLATILE AND WATER SOLUBLE
72
some of ti's molecules can enter nose in inspired air
volatile substance
73
can be dissolved in mucus coating the olfactory mucosa
water soluble
74
where are olfactory receptors located?
roof of the nasal cavity RAISE THE ROOF
75
rods and cones are ___
photoreceptors
76
photoreceptors transform the ____ energy into electrical signals for transmission to CNS
light
77
receptor containing portion is actually an extension of CNS
retina
78
neural portion of retina consists of 3 layers of excitable cells
outermost - rods and cones middle - bipolar cells inner - ganglion cells
79
axons of ganglion cells join to form ____
optic nerve
80
point on retina which optic nerve leaves is the __
optic disc
81
region often called blind spot because no image can be detected here because of lack of rods and cones
optic disc
82
photoreceptors consists of 3 parts
outer segment inner segment synaptic terminal
83
detects light stimulus, rod shaped in rods, cone shaped in cones, consists of flattened membranous disc containing abundance of light-sensitive photopigment molecules
outer segment of photoreceptor
84
how many photoreceptors are in each retina
125 million WOW
85
how many photopigment molecules are there?
more than a billion
86
contains metabolic machinery of cell
inner segment of photoreceptor
87
transmits signal generated in photoreceptor on light stimulated to next cells in visual pathway
synaptic terminal part of photoreceptor
88
undergo chemical alterations when activated by light and leads to generation of action potential in ganglion cells
photopigments
89
name the 2 components of photopigments
opsin and retinal
90
protein that is integral part of disc membrane
opsin
91
derivative of vitamin A and light-absorbing part of photopigment
retinal
92
provide vision only in shades of gray
rod pigments
93
absorbs all visible wavelengths
rhodopsin
94
respons selectively to various wavelengths of light
cone pigments
95
what color cones are there? (HINT: they are the same ones thats in your TV/computer screen!!)
red blue green
96
retina contains 20 times more ____ than ___
20 times more RODS than cones
97
most abundant in periphery, respond to dim light of night
rods
98
most abundant in macula lutea, lower sensitivity that rods, responds to bright daylight
cones
99
can gradually distinguish objects as you enter a dark area, due to the regeneration of rod photopigments that had been broken down by previous light exposure
dark adaptation
100
can gradually distinguish objects as you enter an area with more light, due to the rapid breakdown of cone photopigments
light adaptation
101
light rays from left half of visual fluid fall on the ____ half of retina of both eyes
RIGHT
102
light rays from right half of visual field fall on the __ half of retina of both eyes
LEFT
103
fibers from medial side of each retina cross to opposite side, those from lateral side of each retina remain on original side
optic chiasm
104
first stop is ____ nucleus of thalalmus
lateral geniculate nucleus

Phys Final (5 decks)

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