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PN1002 Test > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What is a visual image seen after a stimulus has been removed called?

A

An afterimage

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The tough connective tissue that makes up the “white” of the eye

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3
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

The utricle and saccule - mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity

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4
Q

In the absence of stimulation, what does the resting potential of a neuron depend on?

A

The relative membrane permeability for various ions

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5
Q

Which cerebral lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

The temporal lobe

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6
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

Leave the CNS and supply nerves to organs (usually muscles and glands)

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7
Q

What is a Tritanope?

A

A person who suffers from colour deficiency due to the absence of S-cones

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8
Q

What is a Deuteranope?

A

A person who suffers from colour deficiency due to the absence of M-cones

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9
Q

What is a Protanope?

A

A person who suffers from colour deficiency due to the absence of L-cones

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10
Q

What type of cell play a key role in frequency tuning of primary auditory neurons?

A

Outer hair cells

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11
Q

What is the vibration theory of olfaction?

A

There is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell

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12
Q

What is the junction at which two neurons communicate called?

A

The synapse

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13
Q

What type of specialised cells transduce environmental energy into a change in membrane potential?

A

Receptor cells

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14
Q

State Fechner’s law

A

The magnitude of the resulting sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity

S = c.log(I)

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15
Q

What structures give the tongue its bumpy experience?

A

Papaillae

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16
Q

Name 3 types of mechanoreceptors

A

Ruffini corpuscles, Merkel cells, Pacinian corpuscles

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17
Q

What is the equilibrium potential?

A

The potential at which a particular type of ion has no driving force to diffuse through the plasma membrane in either direction

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18
Q

What two divisions of the autonomous nervous system have opposite effects on the organs they innervate?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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19
Q

Define perception

A

The organisation, identification, and interpretation of information picked up by the body’s receptor cells in order to represent, understand, and interact with the environment

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20
Q

What type of colour mixing is shining a combination of lights?

A

Additive

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21
Q

What type of colour mixing is mixing paints?

A

Subtractive

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22
Q

What structure of the eye has the highest refractive power?

A

The cornea

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23
Q

In what order do vibrations from the eardrum pass through the ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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24
Q

What is haptic perception?

A

Knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration

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25
Which part of a neuron receives most inputs from other neurons?
Dendritic tree
26
What does the Thalamus do?
Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
27
Where is the organ of Corti located?
On the basilar membrane
28
What is the shape-pattern theory of olfaction?
Odorant's shape influences taste/smell
29
What is proprioception?
The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs
30
Who is credited with the neutronal doctrine?
Ramon y Cajal
31
What is bottom-up processing?
Neuronal processing influenced by sensory information from incoming stimuli rather than an individual's expectations and knowledge
32
What is top-down processing?
Neuronal processing influenced by an individual's expectations and knowledge rather than the incoming stimuli
33
What is emmetropia?
When light originating from any source is focused on the retina (normal vision)
34
What is myopia?
A condition where light, originating from a distant source, is focused in front of the retina (short-sightedness)
35
What is hyperopia?
A condition where light, originating from a close-up source, is focused behind the retina (long-sightedness)
36
What do hair cells do?
They transduce mechanical energy in the vestibular labyrinth into neural activity sent to the brain stem
37
What do afferent neurons do?
They transmit information from the periphery to the CNS
38
Where will high pitch sounds cause vibrations of the basilar membrane?
Closer to the oval window
39
Where can touch receptors be found?
The dermis and epidermis
40
What is the neuron doctrine?
The theory that the nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive
41
What is a deuteranope?
A person who suffers from colour deficiency that is due to the absence of M-cones
42
Where are the disks of a photoreceptor located and what do they contain?
In the inner segment; photopigment
43
What is psychophysics?
The study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the conscious psychological experiences they produce
44
Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two _______
Supporting cells
45
What is the perception of pain called?
Nociception
46
Describe the electrochemical forces acting on sodium and potassium ions at the resting membrane potential
Sodium ions want to move into the cell and potassium ions want to move out of the cell (because of the concentration gradient)
47
Which cerebral lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
The parietal lobe
48
What part of the peripheral nervous system receives input from receptor cells?
The Afferent nervous system
49
In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the ____ side of the retina cross over while the cells from the _____ side remain on the same side
Nasal (medial); temporal (lateral)
50
What is the vestibular system?
The collective term for the set of five organs located in the inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity
51
What happens when sodium channels are opened in a neuron's membrane at the resting state?
There is a rapid influx of sodium causing depolarisation
52
What is a transducer?
A "device" that converts a signal in one form of energy to another form of energy
53
What technique is usually used for sound localisation of low frequencies?
Interaural **time** differences
54
What technique is usually used for sound localisation of high frequencies?
Interaural **level** differences
55
What determines the amplitude of a sound wave?
The difference in the air molecule density in the compressed vs rarefied regions of the sound wave
56
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems
57
What is the opponent colour processing theory?
Colour perception is based on the activity of different channels (white vs black, blue vs yellow, and red vs green)
58
Where are sounds first collected from the environment?
The pinna
59
What is the olfactory bulb?
A blueberry-sized extension of the brain just above the nose where olfactory information is first processed
60
What does somototopic mean?
Mapped in correspondence to the skin
61
What division of the peripheral nervous system is most relevant for the study of sensory systems?
The somatic nervous system
62
What is the receptive field?
The region of the skin that, when stimulated, will result in a change of activity within a particular afferent neuron
63
What is the retina?
The light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones
64
What does the location of stimulated hair cells indicate?
The frequency of the stimulus sound
65
What do the ossicles do?
Amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to inner ear
66
What is the ROC (response operator characteristic) in signal detection theory?
The relationship between the hit rate and false alarm rate
67
What are the three types of papillae?
Circumvallate, Foliate, and Fungiform
68
What are thermoreceptors?
Sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature
69
What is information picked up by the body's receptor cells called?
Sensation
70
When adding colours, blue and yellow create white under _____ colour mixing but create green under _____ colour mixing
Additive; subtractive
71
What is Weber's law?
It describes the relationship between a stimulus and its resulting sensation by proposing that the JND is a constant function C = ∆I/I
72
How are umami tastes produced?
Amino acids
73
How are bitter tastes produced?
There is no single molecule - potentially poisons!
74
How are sweet tastes produced?
Glucose and fructose
75
How are sour tastes produced?
Protons/H+ ions found in acids
76
How are salty tastes produced?
Sodium ions
77
Touch information is carried from the thalamus up to the cortex into the ?
Primary somatosensory area
78
What voltage must the membrane potential at the axon hillock be depolarised to to trigger an action potential?
-55mV
79
What is dualism?
The idea that both mind and body exist and are separate entities
80
Who is the founder of psychophysics?
Fechner
81
What is the olfactory cleft?
A narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located
82
Where do action potentials propagate?
The axon
83
Name the 3 planes that divide up a person
Divides front and back: Coronal/frontal plane Divides left and right: Sagittarius plane Divides top and bottom: Transverse/axial/horizontal plane
84
^ O | \|/ | I Complete the diagram | /\ V
Superior ^ O | \|/ | I | /\ V Inferior
85
O ^ \|/ Complete the diagram V I /\
Cranial O ^ \|/ V I Caudal /\
86
O \|/ Complete the diagram I <-----> /\
O \|/ Medial I <-----> Lateral /\
87
The foot is ______ to the thigh
Distal
88
The shoulder is ______ to the hand
Proximal
89
The back is ________ to the chest
Posterior/dorsal
90
The chest is _________ to the back
anterior/ventral
91
What is sensory transduction?
The process whereby a receptor cell converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential
92
What does the iris control?
The amount of light impinging on the retina
93
Where are sound waves converted to action potentials?
In the hair cells
94
What is the acoustic reflex?
When the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles (inner ear muscles) contract to protect against loud sounds
95
What is the homunculus?
A map-like representation of where regions of the body are processed in the brain
96
What is a change in membrane potential that is directly caused by a neurotransmitter called?
Postsynaptic potential
97
What is the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
98
What is synesthesia?
A phenomenon where stimulation in one modality leads to involuntary experiences in another modality
99
How many different lights (of the visible spectrum) are needed to match any colour that a human trichromatic can see?
Three
100
How do hair cells create hearing?
The stereocilia projecting from the end of the hair cells are attached to the tectorial membrane which causes them to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea
101
What is a complex tone?
A tone consisting of lots of different frequencies
102
What is the JND?
The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
103
What 3 cell types does the olfactory epithelium contain?
Basal cells, olfactory sensory neurons, and supporting cells
104
What do nociceptors respond to?
Noxious or painful stimuli
105
How would limiting a neuronal membrane's potassium intake affect the neuron's resting potential?
The magnitude of the resting potential would shift towards zero
106
What is the automatic nervous system (ANS) made up of?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
107
What is the inducer in Synesthesia?
The stimulus that elects synesthetic experiences

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