serous fluid

Question 1

lines the body cavity

Answer 1

parietal mebrane

Question 2

outer lining of the organ

Answer 2

visceral membrane

Question 3

ultra filtrate of plasma derived from the
capillary network of the membrane.

Answer 3

serous fluid

Question 4

Formed under the influence of:

Answer 4

1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Oncotic pressure
3. Capillary permeability.

Question 5

Any alteration in the rate of formation or removal can cause effusion

Answer 5

Effusion

Question 6

Causes of effusion

Answer 6

Increase hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure (low protein)
Lymphatic obstruction (filariasis, tumors)

Question 7

pathologic causes of effusion
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 7

congestive heart failure
salt and fluid retention

Question 8

pathologic causes of effusion
decrease oncotic pressure

Answer 8

nephrotic syndrome
hepatic cirrhosis
malnutrition
protein losing enteropathy

Question 9

pathologic causes of effusion
increased capillary membrane

Answer 9

malignancy
microbial infection
membrane inflammation

Question 10

pathologic causes of effusion
lymphatic obstruction

Answer 10

malignant, lymphoma
infection and inflammation
thoracic duct injury

Question 11

*Disruption of fluid filtration &
absorption
*No direct involvement of the
membrane

Answer 11

Transudate

Question 12

*Direct involvement and injury to
the membrane

Answer 12

Exudate

Question 13

*Body fluids that accumulate in
serous cavities.
*Uses a result of the disturbance in
the circulation.

Answer 13

Transudate

Question 14

*Body fluids in serous cavities due
to bacterial invasion or
malignancies.

Answer 14

Exudate

Question 15

conditions associated with transudates

Answer 15

*Congestive heart failure
*Hyponatremia

Question 16

conditions associated with exudates

Answer 16

Infection and malignancy
involving the membrane

Question 17

Differentiates transudates from exudates

Answer 17

rivalta’s test

Question 18

spx collection for Pleural

Answer 18

THORACENTESIS

Question 19

spx collection for pericardial

Answer 19

PERICARDIOCENTESIS

Question 20

spx collection for peritoneal

Answer 20

PARACENTESIS

Question 21

volume usually collected for serous fluid

Answer 21

Greater than 100 ml is usually collected

Question 22

EDTA

Answer 22

cell count

Question 23

HEPARIN/SPS

Answer 23

microbiology/cytology

Question 24

PLAIN TUBES/ Heparin

Answer 24

chemistry

Question 25

Fluid in the lung cavity

Answer 25

pleural fluid

Question 26

volume of pleural fluid

Answer 26

1-20 ml

Question 27

essentially interstitial fluid of the systemic circulation

Answer 27

pleural fluid

Question 28

pleural fluid: turbid/white: bloody: milky: brown: black: viscous:

Answer 28

- microbial infection - hemothorax, hemorrhagic effusion, PE, malignancy, tuberculosis - chylous from thoracic duct leakage and pseudochylous from chronic inflammation - rupture of amoebic liver abscess - aspergillous - malignant mesothelioma

Question 29

pleural fluid DIFF CT neutrophil: lymphocyte: mesothelial: plasma cell: malignant cell: eosinophil:

Answer 29

neutrophil: Pneumonia, pancreatitis, pulmonary infarction lymphocyte: Tuberculosis, viral infection, autoimmune mesothelial: normal (decreased in TB) plasma cell: tuberculosis malignant cell: Primary lung cancer; metastatic CA eosinophil: trauma, allergic, parasitic reaction

Question 30

The fluid surrounding the heart

Answer 30

pericardial fluid

Question 31

volume of pericardial fluid

Answer 31

10-50 ml

Question 32

Low glucose in case of inflammatory diseases and bacterial infections

Answer 32

pericardial fluid

Question 33

Causes of Pericardial Effusion

Answer 33

Cardiac Tamponade (Stab) Uremia Pericarditis

Question 34

build up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac which puts pressure on the heart and may prevent the heart from pumping effectively

Answer 34

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 35

pericardial fluid blood streak: grossly bloody: milky:

Answer 35

blood streak: infection and malignancy grossly bloody: cardiac puncture milky: chylous & pseudochylous

Question 36

Access fluid is a condition called

Answer 36

ascites

Question 37

conditions associated with transudates

Answer 37

- hepatic cirrhosis - hyponatremia - congestive heart failure

Question 38

transudates of hepatic origin

Answer 38

SAAG - serum ascites albumin gradient

Question 39

conditions associated with exudates

Answer 39

peritonitis appendicitis rupture viscus malignancy

Question 40

peritoneal fluid turbid: green (bile): blood streaked: milky:

Answer 40

turbid: microbial infection green (bile): gall bladder rupture, pancreatic disorder blood streaked: trauma, malignancy milky: lymphatic trauma, blockage

Question 41

Done in cases blunt abdominal injury to detect intra abdominal bleeding.

Answer 41

peritoneal lavage

Question 42

CA 125 CA 153 CA 19-9

Answer 42

CA 125: ovarian malignancy CA 153: breast cancer CA 19-9: pancreatic malignancy