Session 1

Question 1

Define tissue

Answer 1

A collection of cells specialised to perform a particular function.
Aggregations of tissues constitute organs.

Question 2

Define biopsy

Answer 2

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination.

Question 3

What is a smear biopsy?

Answer 3

Collect cells by spontaneous/mechanical exfoliation. Smear on slide.

Question 4

When are smear biopsys used?

Answer 4

Cervix, buccal cavity.

Question 5

What is a Curettage biopsy?

Answer 5

Remove tissue by scooping/scraping.

Question 6

When is a Curettage biopsy used?

Answer 6

Endometrial lining of uterus

Question 7

What is a needle biopsy?

Answer 7

Put needle into tissue to gather cells.

Question 8

When is a needle biopsy used?

Answer 8

Brain, breast, liver, kidney, muscle.

Question 9

What is a direct incision biopsy?

Answer 9

Cut directly into tissue of interest and remove tissue.

Question 10

When is a direct incision biopsy used?

Answer 10

Skin, mouth, larynx.

Question 11

What is an endoscopic biopsy?

Answer 11

Removal of tissue via instruments through an endoscope.

Question 12

When is an endoscopic biopsy used?

Answer 12

Lung, intestine, bladder.

Question 13

When is transvascular biopsy used?

Answer 13

Heart, Liver

Question 14

Define fixed biopsy

Answer 14

Macromolecules cross-linked, cellular structure preserved, no autolysis or putrefaction.
Commonly used fixatives include glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde.

Question 15

Define Shrinkage artifacts

Answer 15

Abnormalities on the final slide due to preparation process involving dehydrated and then rehydrated.

Question 16

How does Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) work?

Answer 16

Haematoxylin stains acidic components of cells, eg Nucleolus (RNA), Chromatin (DNA) purple/blue.
Eosin stains basic components of cells, eg most cytoplasmic proteins and extracellular fibres pink

Question 17

How does Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) work?

Answer 17

Stains carbohydrates and glycoproteins magenta.

Question 18

What is phase contrast microscopy?

Answer 18

Uses interference effects of two combining light waves

Question 19

What is the advantage of phase contrast microscopy?

Answer 19

Enhancing the image of unstained cells

Question 20

What is dark field microscopy?

Answer 20

Exclude unscattered beam (light/electron) from the image

Question 21

What is the advantage of dark field microscopy?

Answer 21

Live an unstained samples

Question 22

What is fluorescent microscopy?

Answer 22

Target molecule of interest with fluorescent Ab

Question 23

What is the advantage of fluorescent microscopy?

Answer 23

Use multiple different fluorescent stains on one specimen

Question 24

What is Confocal microscopy?

Answer 24

Tissue labelled with one or more fluorescent probes.

Question 25

What is the advantage of Confocal microscopy?

Answer 25

Eliminates “out of focus flare”, 3D from a series of 2D images, imaging of living specimens.

Question 26

What does the Ectoderm become?

Answer 26

Epidermis | Corneal epithelium of eye

Question 27

What does the Mesoderm become?

Answer 27

Epithelium of UG tract Vessel lining Pericardial/Pleural sac lining

Question 28

What does the Endoderm become?

Answer 28

Epithelia of respiratory tract Epithelia of GI Epithelia of Liver & glands

Question 29

Where are simple squamous epithelia found?

Answer 29

``` Lining of vessels Lining of cavities Respiratory Bowmans capsule Inner ear ```

Question 30

What is simple squamous function?

Answer 30

Lubrication Gas exchange Barrier

Question 31

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 31

Thyroid follicles Small ducts of many exocrine glands Kidney tubules Surface of the ovary

Question 32

What is simple cuboidal function?

Answer 32

Absorption, conduit, secretion, barrier, hormone synthsis/storage

Question 33

Where are simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 33

``` Stomach lining & gastric pits Small intestine & colon Gallbladder Large ducts of some exocrine glands Uterus Oviducts Ductuli efferents of testis ```

Question 34

What is simple columnar function?

Answer 34

Absorption Secretion Lubrication Transport

Question 35

Where is pseudostratified epithelium?

Answer 35

Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi (URT) Epididymis and ductus deferens Auditory tube and part of tympanic cavity Lacrimal sac Large excretory ducts

Question 36

What is pseudostratified epithelium function?

Answer 36

Secretion, conduit, absorption, mucus secretion, particle trap/removal

Question 37

Where is stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium?

Answer 37

``` Oral cavity Oesophagus Larynx Vagina Part of anal canal Surface of cornea Inner surface of eyelid ```

Question 38

What is the function of stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium?

Answer 38

Protection against abrasion (all sites) | Reduces water loss whilst remaining moist

Question 39

Where is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

Answer 39

Surface of skin | Limited distribution in oral cavity

Question 40

What is the function of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

Answer 40

Protection against abrasion and physical trauma Prevents water loss Prevents ingress of microbes Shields against UV light damage

Question 41

Where is stratified transitional epithelium?

Answer 41

Renal calyces (singular = calyx) Ureters Bladder Urethra

Question 42

What is the function of stratified transitional epithelium?

Answer 42

Distensibility | Protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

Question 43

What is the structure of the basement membrane?

Answer 43

It consists of a basal lamina, which is laid down by the epithelial cells and therefore lies closest to them. Thickness can be increased by reticular fibrils (type III collagen) elaborated by the subtending connective tissue.

Question 44

What is the function of the basement membrane?

Answer 44

It serves as a strong flexible layer to which epithelial cells adhere. It also serves as a cellular and molecular filter. The degree to which malignant cells penetrate basement membrane is highly relevant to prognosis.*Think neoplasms

Question 45

Define microvilli

Answer 45

Apical extensions that greatly increase the surface area for selective absorption of intestinal contents.

Question 46

Define cillia

Answer 46

Extensions from cells that beat in coordinated waves. Found in the lining of the trachea where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs. Also found in the fallopian tubes, where they move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. 9+2 configuration.

Question 47

Define Stereocilia

Answer 47

Very long microvilli, extend from the surface of the ductus deferens and the Epididymis. They may have an absorptive function