Session 11

Question 1

Where are renal cell carcinomas usually found? Presentation?

Transitional cell carcinoma? Presentation?

Other ones if advanced?

Answer 1

Kidney-haematuria (main), varicoele present, pulmonary embolism, weight loss, hypercalcaemia

Renal pelvis and bladder-haematuria, DVT, lymphodoema, weight loss

Question 2

Causes of renal cell carcinoma?

How do RCC’s spread?

Treatment?

Answer 2

Smoking,obesity,dialysis

Into surrounding lymph nodes and into the IVC thus IVC.

Ablation, laparoscopy or radical nephrectomy

Question 3

Risk factors of bladder TCC?

Staging of bladder cancer?

Treatment of bladder cancer?

Answer 3

Smoking,occupation (crude oil)

T1-4-epithelium,ct,muscle,perivesical fat

Muscle invasive-neoadjuvant chemo then cystectomy(curative)
Non muscle invasive-intravesical chemo/immunotherapy (palliative)

Question 4

Causes of upper UT TCC?

Detecting?

Treatment?

Answer 4

Smoking,Balkan nephropathy

Hydronephrosis by USS, or ureteroscopy biopsy

Nephro-ureterectomy

Question 5

Three zones of prostate gland?

Answer 5

Transition-closest to bladder
Peripheral-closest to urethra
Central-smallest

Question 6

Risk factors of prostate cancer?

Presentation of prostate cancer?

Diagnosis?

Answer 6

Age,family history,ethnicity (black)

Urinary symptoms, bone pain, change in bowel habit thus d if it rectal examination shows mass.

Trans rectal US, serum protein PSA antigen

Question 7

Use of digital rectal examination?

Use of biopsies?

Prostate treatment?

Answer 7

Staging of cancer

Gleason grade (grade plus staging giving likelihood of mortality)

External beam radiotherapy, robotic radical prostatectomy, chemo, hormones

Question 8

Indicators of metastasis to bone from prostate cancer?

Answer 8

Hot spots, sclerotic (osteoblastic)