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Gastrointenstinal > Session 4- Stomach > Flashcards

Session 4- Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What allows the stomach to maintain a similar pressure despite changes in volume with food?

A

Rugae, allow stomach to expand

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A

Temporary storage, digestion, mechanical breakdown, innate immunity

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3
Q

What are rugae in the stomach?

A

Temporary folds within the stomach mucosa

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4
Q

What are the cells found within the gastric glands?

A

Chief, parietal, enteroendocrine cells

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5
Q

What is the function of gastrin and where is it released?

A

Released from G cells. Stimulates acid production

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6
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor and where is it produced?

A

Produced in parietal cells in stomach, it helps with absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum

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7
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen and where is it produced?

A

Inactivate form of pepsin which is a protease, produced by chief cells

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8
Q

What are the sections of the stomach?

A

The fundus, corpus (body), antrum

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9
Q

How does stomach acid help with the digestion of proteins?

A

The acid unravel proteins increasing the surface area for enzymes to act on

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10
Q

Where is the greatest number of G cells found within the stomach?

A

In the pyloric antrum

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11
Q

What are the three layers of muscles in the stomach?

A

The oblique, circular and longitudinal layers

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12
Q

What do the ECL cells secrete in response to gastrin?

A

Histamine

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13
Q

What effect does histamine from ECL cells have?

A

Stimulates parietal cells to produce more acid

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14
Q

What do D-cells produce?

A

Secretin

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15
Q

What effect does secretin have on acid production?

A

Reduces acid production

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16
Q

What are D cells sensitive to?

A

Low pH

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17
Q

How do prostaglandins help protect the stomach?

A

Increase blood flow and support mucus

18
Q

How does stomach protect itself?

A

Mucus with carbonate ions from epithelia, good blood flow, quick turnover of epithelia

19
Q

What helps prevent reflux?

A

The lower oesophageal sphincter, angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach

20
Q

What three things that stimulate parietal cells to produce stomach acid?

A

Gastrin, histamine and Ach

21
Q

Through what receptor does gastrin bind to on parietal cells?

A

Cholecystokinin receptors

22
Q

What receptors on parietal cells does Ach bind to?

A

Muscarinic receptors

23
Q

Why is that stomach acid production increases when amino acids/peptides are detected in the stomach and when the stomach is distended?

A

Amino acids: G cells detect these and release gastrin which acts on CCK receptors on parietal cells
Distentension: stretch is detected by vagus nerve causing Ach to bind to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells

24
Q

What are the three stages of digestion?

A

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal

25
Q

What are the most common pathologies of the stomach?

A

GORD, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and cancer

26
Q

What is the term dyspepsia used to describe?

A

Upper GI tract symptoms lasting over four weeks, including: upper abdominal pain/discomfort, heartburn, acid reflux, nausea/vomiting

27
Q

What are four common triggers/causes for GORD?

A

Altered LOS function, delayed gastric emptying, obesity, pregnancy

28
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplasia of oesophageal epithelia from acid reflux

29
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the stomachs mucosal layer

30
Q

What can cause acute gastritis?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption or NSAID use

31
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic gastritis?

A

H-pylori infection

32
Q

How does H-pylori infection cause damage to the stomach lining?

A

Breaks down urea into CO2 and ammonia, ammonia being toxic to cells

33
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

A breach in the gastric or duodenal membrane passing through the muscularis mucosa

34
Q

Are gastric or duodenal ulcers more common?

A

Duodenal

35
Q

How would you treat a patient with a symptomatic H-pylori infection?

A

Treatment program involving two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor

36
Q

How is a h-pyloric infection investigated?

A

Urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood test

37
Q

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic parts of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

Intrinsic is smooth muscle within the stomach, extrinsic comes from the crux of the right part of the diaphragm

38
Q

What is receptive relaxation?

A

As peristalsis occurs in the oesophagus this alerts the stomach to incoming food and so the fundus of the stomach relaxes and distends

39
Q

What drugs can be used to reduce acids secretion?

A

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor inhibitors

40
Q

What can be a complication of a peptic ulcer?

A

Erosion through the stomach lining causing peritonitis, or erosion through to an artery causing a bleed

Gastrointenstinal (9 decks)

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