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gastrointenstinal > Session 8- Malignancy > Flashcards

Session 8- Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the red flag symptoms associated with dysphagia? (ALARM)

A 
A-anaemia
L-loss of weight
A-anorexia
R-recent onset of progressive symptoms
M-malaena, masses
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2
Q

What type of malignant tumour is associated with stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

What type of malignant tumour is associated with columnar epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

What are the risk factors associated with developing oesophageal carcinomas?

A

Barett’s oesophagus, smoking

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5
Q

Why is prognosis usually poor for oesophageal carcinomas?

A

They have usually grown a lot before they cause symptoms, so spread is common at presentation

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6
Q

What are some benign differentials for epigastric pain?

A

Gastritis, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis…

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7
Q

What are red flag symptoms associated with jaundice?

A

Unintentional weight loss, hepatomegaly (irregular border), ascites, painless jaundice

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8
Q

What is Mallory Weiss syndrome?

A

Repeated vomiting causes tears to oesophagus

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9
Q

What are risk factors for gastric cancer?

A

Smoking, high salt diet, family history, H.Pylori infection

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10
Q

What investigations would you do to confirm gastric cancer diagnosis?

A

Endoscopy and take biopsy

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11
Q

What is the most common type of tumour in gastric cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

What are the three ways metastases can spread to the liver?

A

Through the blood, through the lymph and through body cavities (transcoelomic)

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13
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour affecting the exocrine pancreas?

A

Ductal adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

Why are tumours in the head of the pancreas more likely to be detected than those in the body or tail of the pancreas?

A

If in the head, can cause compression of bile duct leading to jaundice. Symptoms from tail/body tumours are much more vague

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15
Q

What are some risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A

Family history, smoking, older age, chronic pancreatitis

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16
Q

what are malignancies affecting the bile duct?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

17
Q

What are common symptoms associated with a blockage in the bowels?

A

Abdominal distension and abdominal pain

18
Q

How would symptoms vary depending on if there was a blockage in the small compared to the large bowel?

A

Small bowel: vomiting first

Large bowel: constipation first

19
Q

What is complete constipation?

A

Patients are unable to pass gas as well as faeces

20
Q

What are some red flag symptoms of obstruction of the bowels?

A

Weight loss, unexplained abdominal pain

21
Q

What some red flag symptoms for PR bleeding?

A

Over 40, unexplained weight loss/abdominal pain, iron-deficiency anaemia, change in bowel habit

22
Q

What is tenesmus?

A

Still feeling the need to defecate after emptying the bowels

23
Q

What are some risk factors for large bowel cancer?

A

Family history, IBD, polyposis

24
Q

What are the differences between left and right side colon cancer?

A

right sided: obstruction and changes in bowel habit are less likely. Therefore usually present at a more advanced stage

25
Q

In which type of colon cancer would an apple core sign be seen on X-ray with barium enema?

A

Left sided

26
Q

What is a tumour marker associated with bowel cancer?

A

CEA-carcinoembryonicantigen

27
Q

What is a tumour marker associated with pancreatic cancer?

A

Ca19-9

28
Q

What staging system can we use for bowel cancer?

A

Duke’s

29
Q

From the highest incidence to lowest, list the GI cancers

A

Bowel is most common, then pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, liver

30
Q

What are the most common kind of stomach cancers and what do they usually arise from?

A

Adenocarcinomas that arise from chronic gastritis usually

31
Q

Where is the most common sit for a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma?

A

The stomach

32
Q

What is the most important environmental factor in stomach cancer?

A

H pylori

33
Q

What symptoms are more common in left sided colon cancers compared to right sided?

A

Obstructive symptoms more common in left as they are unusually stenosing and contents are harder there

34
Q

What are some symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

A

Persistent pain that gets worse, weight loss anorexia and fatigue. Can also have jaundice

35
Q

What are two main symptoms associated with rectal cancers?

A

PR bleeding and tenesmus

gastrointenstinal (9 decks)

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