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Body Logistics > Session 4- The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Session 4- The Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Keeps blood volume levels where they should be
  • Keeps blood pressure high enough
  • Fight off infection
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2
Q

What are the 5 major components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Vessels
  • Nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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3
Q

Lymph is rich in _____________ and _________ compared to water

A

Protein

Cells

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4
Q

Lymph does not contain ______________ as they __________________________________________________.

A

Red blood cells

Are too large to pass though capillary membranes

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5
Q

The lymphatic system functions to ____________ fluid and ____________/___________ lymph as it flows through it.

A

Reabsorb

Monitor/Cleanse

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6
Q

Transfer of waste and nutrients occurs at the _______________ due to the high pressure at the ____________ end which causes plasma to be forced out into ____________.

A

Capillary bed
Arteriole
Interstitial fluid

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7
Q

At the capillary bed, plasma is drawn back into the circulatory system at the __________ end due to high _________ pressure.

A

Venule

Osmotic

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8
Q

How much plasma is forced through the arteriole end of the capillary bed each day? How much of this is taken up at the venular end?

A

20L is forced through

17L is taken up

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9
Q

What happens to the other 3L of plasma that is not taken up at the venular end of the capillary bed?

A

It enters the lymphatic system as lymph and is later returned to the blood to maintain BP.

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10
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are all over the body, but at notably absent from which locations?

A

Bones
Bone marrow
Teeth
CNS

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11
Q

If the CNS does not have lymphatic capillaries, where does the excess fluid drain into?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are made up of what kind of cells?

How are they arranged and why?

A

Endothelial cells
Loosely overlap with each other
To form flap-like mini valves

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13
Q

What features (of the vessels themselves and in the body in general) enables lymphatic vessels to operate at low pressures? Which of these is most important?

A 
Valves
Smooth Muscle in the vessel walls
SKELETAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT***
Pressure changes in the thorax due to breathing (Negative pressure when breathing in) 
Pulsation of adjacent arteries
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14
Q

Capillaries—–> Larger lymphatic vessels——> Larger trunks——> ?? & ??

A

Right lymphatic duct

Left lymphatic duct

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15
Q

From the RIGHT lymphatic duct, lymph drains from where to which component of the circulatory system?

A

From the UPPER right torso, right arm and right side of head and throat
Into the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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16
Q

Lymph entering the LEFT lymphatic duct drains from where and into which component of the circulatory system?

A

From the rest of the body that the right lymphatic duct does not take into account
Into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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17
Q

A blockage of the lymphatics can be caused by what?

A 
A tumour (lymphoma)
A worm
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18
Q

A blockage of the lymphatic system will lead to what?

A

Oedema

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19
Q

As a result of occlusion of the lymphatic system, oedema can occur which can lead to what as a result?
Occlusion–>Oedema–> _________–>__________–>___________
–>___________/__________

A

Reduced blood flow
Static Fluid
Infection
Cellulitis/Ulceration

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20
Q

Bacteria is able to enter the body by infiltrating some of the ___________, __________ connective tissue under the skin

A

Loose

Areolar

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21
Q

Once it has entered the tissue, bacteria is able to drain into the lymphatics as tissue is full of ___________ _________.

A

Interstitial fluid

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22
Q

True of false:

Infections are mostly localised to particular tissues and don’t usually enter the circulation

A

TRUE

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23
Q

There are approximately how many lymph nodes in the body?

A

700

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24
Q

How do lymph nodes prevent bacteria from entering the circulation?

A

By closely and regularly inspecting it using its resident lymphocytes and eliciting an appropriate immune response based on this

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25
Lymph nodes contain which cells?
``` T cells B cells Macrophages Neutrophils Follicular dendritic cells Reticular cells ```
26
What is the function on the reticular cells of the lymph nodes?
They make up the scaffolding network to provide support to all other cells in the lymphatic tissue.
27
Where do lymphocytes mature?
In the loose reticular connective tissue of the lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
28
If a lymph node is overwhelmed by the invader, it may become ___________. This is often an indicator of what?
Inflamed | Infection/Disease
29
The medulla of the lymph node contains which lymphocyte type?
Both T cells and B cells
30
The outer cortex of the lymph nodes contains which lymphocytes?
Dividing B cells
31
Where within the lymph node would you find mostly T cells?
Deeper in the cortex
32
The afferent vessel brings lymph into or away from he lymph node?
Into the lymph node
33
Which vessel is responsible for taking lymph away from the lymph node?
The efferent vessel
34
The afferent vessel enters via the ________ _________ of the lymph node.
Convex surface
35
The efferent vessel leaves via the _________ of the lymph node.
Hilum
36
In which parts of the lymph node does the lymph get to meet cells brought in by the circulatory system (via the feeding artery)?
In the germinal centres
37
Where might you find nodular lymphatic tissue?
Tonsils Peyer's patches Appendix
38
Give an example of diffuse lymphatic tissue and how this can be subdivided into two further classes of diffuse lymphatic tissue.
Mucosa- Associated Lymphatic Tissues (MALTs) which can be divided into: Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT) and Bronchus-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (BALT)
39
What specialist cells are present in the germinal centres? What is their specific function?
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) Function is to carry antigen that are held on their surface in antigen-antibody complexes. This is crucial for the selection of B cells.
40
FDCs cause the proliferation of ____________ B cells.
Memory
41
Which immune cells are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)?
B cells | Macrophages
42
What makes professional APCs different from other cells that are also able to present antigen?
They have special immunostimulatory receptors that allow for enhanced activation of T cells.
43
The first immune response is known as the _______________ immune response.
Inflammatory
44
The second immune response is know as the ___________ immune response.
Specific
45
The inflammatory immune response is mediated by which cells?
Neutrophils | Macrophages
46
The specific immune response can be broken down into which two types of response? What cells are involved in each?
-Humoral immune response: B lymphocyte mediated, antibody production by plasma B cells (matured from B cells). -Cell-mediated immune response: T lymphocyte mediated, T cells needs B cells and macrophages to recognise antigen.
47
Plasma (B) cells are fully differentiated B lymphocytes with what specific function?
To synthesise and secrete specific antibody in order to neutralise or destroy target antigen.
48
Cell-mediated immunity is a part of the specific immune response. What is this type of immunity important in defence against?
Viral, fungal and mycobacterial infections | Tumour cells
49
Which immune cells attack invaders OUTSIDE of cells?
B cells | Helper T cells
50
Which immune cells attack invaders INSIDE of cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
51
The majority of lymphocytes are derived from where and enter lymph nodes via what?
Derived from bone marrow and enter the lymph node via the feeding artery.
52
The majority of lymphocytes leave lymph nodes via what?
The efferent lymphatic vessel
53
What is the medical term for enlarged lymph nodes?
Lymphadenopathy
54
As the lymph nodes fight infection, _____________________ fill with lymphocytes which causes lymph nodes to ___________. This can be painful.
Germinal centres | Swell
55
Cancers can _____________ to lymph nodes via the _____________ lymphatic vessels.
Metastasise | Afferent
56
What type of cancer often presents as lymphadenopathy?
Lymphoma
57
Which is the largest lymphatic organ?
The spleen
58
True or false: The spleen has a very rich blood supply.
True, very true
59
The spleen filters _________ in the same way as lymph nodes filter ________.
Blood | Lymph
60
The spleen has both ________ and _____________ functions.
Immune | Haemopoietic
61
What are the immune functions of the spleen?
- Antigen presentation - Activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes - Production of antibodies - Removal of macro molecular antigen form the blood by macrophages
62
What are the haemopoietic functions of the spleen?
- Removal and destruction of damaged and abnormal erythrocytes and platelets - Retrieval of iron from erythrocytes haemoglobin
63
The spleen is relatively fragile. A ruptured spleen can easily lead to death through _________________.
Exsanguination
64
Removal of the spleen is known as a what?
Splenectomy
65
Following a splenectomy the _________ and _______________ can take over the destruction of _________________.
Liver Bone marrow Erythrocytes (RBCs)
66
Removal of the spleen is detrimental to the ______________ system.
Immune
67
Splenectomy leads to increased risk of infection from ______________ bacteria, for example _____________ and malaria. Patients therefore require lifelong _____________ prophylaxis.
Infection Encapsulated Meningococcus Antibiotic
68
Apart from infection, splenectomy also leads to increased risk of __________ and ____________. This is possibly due to increased _____________ count.
DVT PE Platelet
69
The spleen may enlarge in response to systemic infection such as _________________, ________________ and ________________.
Glandular fever Malaria Septicaemia
70
The medical term for an enlarged spleen is what?
Splenomegaly
71
The thymus is located where anatomically?
Anterior superior mediastinum
72
True or false: The thymus is fully formed and functional at birth.
True
73
After puberty, what happens to the spleen?
It involutes (shrinks)
74
By late teens the spleen is made up of mostly what?
Fat
75
What is the role of the spleen?
Thymic education: Stem cells from the bone marrow mature into fully immunocompetent T cells.
76
Under what circumstances might a thymectomy be carried out?
Thymic carcinoma | Myasthenia Gravis

Body Logistics (16 decks)

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