Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Body Logistics > Session 9: Liver > Flashcards

Session 9: Liver Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The liver is divided into _____ lobes

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The blood that enters the liver comes from where via what?

A

The GI tract via the hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much bile do we produce a day?

A

1 Litre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When bile is not needed, where is it stored?

A

In the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two capillary systems in series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two examples of portal systems in humans?

A
  • The hepatic portal system (GI to Liver)

- The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (hypothalamus to anterior pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In general, what happens at the capillary bed of the stomach and intestines?

A

Nutrients and toxins are absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In general, what happens at the liver sinusoids?

A

Nutrients and toxins leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the liver made up of?

A

Hepatic lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What travels in the portal vein?

A

Water, water soluble vitamins, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, iron), carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, fructose), proteins (amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides), intestinal hormones, toxins (including ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does ammonia cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The liver is the only organ in the body than can complete which cycle?

A

Urea cycle (Ornithine cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the urea (Ornithine cycle) do?

A

Converts ammonia into urea which can then be excreted in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Toxins can come in the form of what?

A 
Chemicals 
Bacteris 
Viruses 
Protozoa 
Nematodes
Cestodes 
Termatodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does NOT travel in the portal vein?

A

Lipids

Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dietary lipids are mostly what three things?

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lipids digested by?

A

Lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is needed to digest lipids?

What do they form?

A

Bile acids

Micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to lipids once they are taken into cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

They are processed into chylomicrons

20
Q

What happens to chylomicrons once they have been made?

Study These Flashcards
A

They are taken up by LACTEALS (part of the lymphatics)

21
Q

Lacteals contain what?

22
Q

How do lipids eventually end up in the liver if they cannot pass through the hepatic portal vein?

Study These Flashcards
A

They are processed into chylomicrons and then taken up by lacteals which drain into the abdominal lymphatics which drains into the thoracic duct which joins the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. The chylomicrons then enter the liver via the hepatic artery

23
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Metabolism (Catabolism/Anabolism)
Storage
Filtering 
Protein--> Bloodstream
Detoxification 
Bile Production
24
Q

What things are stored in the Liver?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Iron
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12 
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Glycogen
Carbohydrate 
Protein
25
What products are made during anabolism by the Liver?
``` Albumin Glycogen Numerous coagulation factors Haematopoesis in foetus Complement components of the immune system ```
26
What things are broken down during catabolism by the Liver?
``` Drugs (CYTP450) Hormones Haemoglobin Poisons (CYTP450) (Aged RBCs after spleenectomy) ```
27
Which cells aid the Livers filtering function? | What are the cells responsible for?
Kupffer cells | They are responsible for filtering bacteria and small foreign proteins from the blood
28
Does the Liver have exocrine or endocrine functions?
Both endocrine and exocrine
29
What is an exocrine function of the Liver?
Secretion of Bile
30
What are the endocrine functions of the Liver?
Produces: Angiotensin, Thrombopoetin, IGF-1 It modifies Vitamin D and thyroxine to their active forms It breaks down: Insulin and Glucagon, Oestrogen and Progesterone
31
What are some features of Hepatocytes?
``` They renew very well They have lots of mitochondria They have lots of peroxisomes They have lots of free ribosomes They have lots of RER and SER They have lots of Golgi complexes Glycogen deposits ```
32
What is a sinusoid?
An irregular tubular space for the passage of blood, taking the place of capillaries and venules in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
33
What is the portal trid seen throughout the liver?
Portal Venule Hepatic Artery Bile duct
34
Hepatic sinusoids are made up of what cells?
Fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium
35
Blood from the hepatic artery and the portal venule enter the sinusoid and leave via what?
The central vein
36
Where do the lymphatics arise from in the Liver?
Periportal space (Space of Mall)
37
Where do the lymphatics drain to from the liver?
The liver hilum and then onto the hepatic duct
38
What are the three different perspective of the liver lobules?
Classic lobule Liver acinus Portal lobule
39
What is a bile canaliculus?
Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes
40
What is the space of Disse?
The perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse) is between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid.
41
What cells can be found in the space of Disse?
Hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells)
42
What is the role of Stellate cells?
Vitamin A storage | They are full of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing vitamin A
43
What happens to Stellate cells in liver cirrhosis?
They lose their vitamin A storage ability and differentiate into myofibroblasts that synthesise and deposit collagen resulting in Liver fibrosis
44
How does liver fibrosis lead to portal hypertension? | What else can this lead to?
The collagen produces by myofibroblasts surround the central vein and constrict it Vomiting large amounts of blood as the blood tried to find other routes back to the IVC
45
What are Kupffer cells? | Why are they so important?
Monocyte derived specialist macrophages that form part of the lining of the sinusoids They are constantly exposed to gut-derived bacteria, microbial debris and bacterial endotoxins
46
How do the Kupffer cells migrate from the sinusoids into liver tissue at sites of inflammation and damage?
By moving through the perforations in the endothelium

Body Logistics (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions