Session 5 (there is no session 4) Flashcards
(30 cards)
How many stages are in the model of smoking transitions?
5
Describe the general outline of the 5 stages of smoking transitions
- Begins among high SES men
- Once behavior is considered normal, everyone else starts doing it and high SES men decrease
- High SES women decreases, followed in decrease by most others.
- Low SES continues
- Perpetuates among subsequent populations of low SES groups.
3 Major Explanations for Smoking Behavior
- Materialist Approach
- Distinctive Class-based cultures approach
- Spread of norms and emotions within social networks
Materialist Approach
acknowledges that social position is accompanied by different levels of material advantage in terms of individual and social group resources, opportunities, and capabilities
Distinctive Class-based cultures approach
middle class aspirations to bourgeois lifestyle through the emulation of affluent behaviors such as smoking.
Classes distinguish themselves through the consumption of different commodities.
Spread of norms and emotions within social networks
Those of similar tastes and behaviors tend to interact with one another, more so than social class alone.
Mimesis
Mimesis
Some behaviors may become adopted in order to mimic/parody the more privileged class, or because they help to build rapport/community within other classes or subgroups (i.e., sexuality, race, etc.)
Social Stratification
- define it
- what is it based on?
- what is at play?
Social stratification is structured inequality between groups. (implicit/explicit)
This inequality may be based on economics, gender, race, religion, age, or another factor
What is at play is power.
Karl Marx
– interested in class relationships in capitalist societies
- Believed class is determined SOLELY by one’s relation to the means of production
- Group membership utterly determined life chances.
Max Weber (Vayber)
Concept: position in a stratification system is not based on economics along, but also status
- More accurately reflects USA system
- Social prestige and power can be independent of economics. (ex: professors make less than construction contractors, but the professor has greater social status)
- Social class – wealth, income, education, occupation –> some combos are more powerful than others. High income dirty jobs don’t have the same prestige
SocioEconomicStatus
an objective approach to try to determine status – ask respondents questions about themselves and then use the data for placement purposes (income, occupation, education, wealth, etc.).
- Effective at predicting health problems
Social distinction
different classes enjoy different levels of rewards and occupy distinct structural positions within a given social economy
Characteristics of Stratification Systems
Systems of inequality are organized around groups with a shared characteristic.
The social location of a group is significant in terms of the life chances of members.
Rankings of groups change only very slowly.
Models of Stratification Systems (aka examples)
Slavery/Feudalism — ownership of certain people for life or for long periods of time
Caste - born into it, stay for life
Class — positions based on economics and other social factors (*dominate modern societies)
Social Class
A mixture of:
- wealth,
- income,
- education, and
- occupation - High income dirty jobs (ex: plumber) don’t have the same prestige.
3 Ways to Measure Social Class
Subjective Approach
Reputational Model
Objective Approach
Subjective Approach to Social Class Measurement
Self-placement -Asking people where they think they fit into the social class system
The reputational model to Social Class Measurement
Asking others who may be well-informed to act as judge
The objective approach to Social Class Measurement
Ask respondents several questions about themselves and then use the data for placement purposes. Indicators may include income, occupation, education, wealth, or those items that might make up a person’s socio-economic status (SES)
2 Key Components of American Class System
and 4 possible combinations
- Whether or not members of the class own the means of creating significant wealth
- Whether they exercise substantial authority over others
- Capitalist class (yes to both)
- Workers (yes to creating, no to authority)
- Managers (no to creating, yes to authority)
- Petite bourgeoisie (no to both)
4 Levels of factors
Social-Structural Conditions/Macro (upstream)
Social Networks/Mezzo (upstream)
Psychosocial Mechanisms/Micro (downstream)
Pathways (downstream)
Social-Structural Conditions/Macro
(upstream)
- culture
- socioeconomic factors
- politics
- social change
Social Networks/Mezzo
(upstream)
- social network structure (size, range, homogeneity, etc)
- characteristics of network ties (duration, intimacy, face-to-face contact)
Psychosocial Mechanisms/Micro (downstream)
social support
social influence
social engagement
person-to-person contact
access to resources/material goods
