Severson/Things Severson Would Like/Ruff (even though I think he doesn't likes her) Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesion
A
CONTRALATERAL hemiballismus
2
Q
dorsal spinocerebellar tract through ________ peduncle
synapses on ________
A
dorsal spino cerebellar tract through INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
and synapses on GRANULE CELLS and DCN
3
Q
cortico-olivary tract: IPS or CON
A
cortex and inferior olivary nucleus IPSILATERAL
4
Q
rubro-olivary tract: IPS or CON
A
red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus IPSILATERAL
5
Q
olivo-cerebellar tract: IPS or CON
A
inferior olivary nucleus to CONTRALATERAL molecular layer and DCN (CLIMBING FIBERS)
6
Q
tract through inferior cerebellar peduncle
A
olivocerebellar (climbing fibers)** CONTRALATERAL
*all other fibers coming in are mossy and go to granular layer
7
Q
purkinje cells inhibit
A
DCN deep cerebellar nuclei
8
Q
cerebellum input
A
olivocerebellar
pontocerebellar
corticocerebellar pathway (corticopontine IPS + pontocerebellar CON)
9
Q
cortico-pontine tract: IPS or CON
A
cortex > IC > cerebral peduncle > pontine nuclei IPSILATERAL
10
Q
ponto-cerebellar tract: IPS or CON
A
pontine nuclei > MCP > mossy fibers (and DCN) > granular layer > parallel fibers CONTRALATERAL
11
Q
climbing fibers only found
A
from INFERIOR OLIVARY to CONtralateral MOLECULAR layer of cerebellum through INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
12
Q
decorticate
A
SUPRATENTORIAL
red nucleus and brainstem centers intact
upper limb flexion
lower limb extension
13
Q
decerebrate
A
POSTERIOR FOSSA
loss of red nucleus and brainstem
all limbs extension
14
Q
dentato-rubro-thalamic tract: IPS or CON
A
DCN > SCP is IPSILATERAL
SCP > red nucleus and thalamus is CONTRALATERAL
15
Q
superior cerebellar peduncle SCP
A
EFF have cell bodies in DCN
16
Q
rubrospinal tract: IPS or CON
A
red nucleus > spinal cord CONTRALATERAL
contributes to flexion of upper limb
17
Q
vestibulocerebellar tract associated with
A
fastigial DCN
18
Q
MLF conects
A
CN III, IV, VI and vestibular nuclei
HEAD AND EYE MOVEMENTS
19
Q
Area 4
A
precentral gyrus
BETZ CELLS
20
Q
Area 17
A
primary visual cortex
STELLATE CELLS
21
Q
horizontal component eye movements regulated by
A
PPRF
22
Q
vertical component eye movements regulated by
A
rostral interstitial uncle of MLF
23
Q
saccades are
A
BILATERAL
24
Q
PPRF projects to
A
IPSILATERAL abducens CN VI
CONTRALATERAL oculomotor CN III
25
FEF lesion
loos voluntary saccades to CONTRALATERAL side
deviate eye TOWARDS side of lesion
stuck on what have INVOLUNTARILY looked at, as determined by Superior Colliculus
26
primary motor cortex homunculus areas are proportional to
fine motor control
27
M1 cortex stimulus
LOW STIMULUS INTENSITIES
| hallmark
28
M1 encodes direction:
populations of nerves encode movement
29
M1 inputs
proprioceptive: CONTRALATERAL
other cortical areas (primary somatosensory, premotor, SMA, cingulate, post parietal)
cerebellum
30
Premotor cortex
PMd
PMv
PMd: dorsal: REACHING
PMv: ventral: GRASPING, COGNITIVE CONTROL = (MIRROR NEURONS)
31
PM inputs
SMA, CMA, prefrontal, post parietal, cerebellum, bg
32
PM fxn
high level motor coordination
complex MULTI-JOINT movements
ACTION SEQ
EXTERNALLY DRIVEN STIM
PREPARE MOVEMENTS rehearse in head move
MIRROR NEURONS see action happening, same neurons firing in your head
BEHAVIOR CONTEXT increase firing when coffee cup full than when empty (drinking coffee behavior almost done)
33
PM lesion
inability to:
respond to stimuli properly KNOW HOW TO BRUSH TEETH BUT CAN'T WHEN HANDED TOOTHBRUSH
plan appropriately CAN'T PICK UP FOOD FROM UNDER TABLE IN DIFFERENT WAY
learn new sensory-motor associations CAN'T LEARN "PURPLE MEANS GO"
steer arm accurately CAN'T BRUSH TEETH
34
SMA homunculus
ORTHOGONAL to M1 homunculus
towards eyes: face
towards back of head: legs
35
SMA stimulus
```
motion in MULTIPLE JOINTS (>M1,
36
proficiency at motor sequence?
decreased SMA activity, M1 assumes control = chunking
37
SMA inputs
M1, prefrontal, posterior parietal, bg and cerebellum
38
SMA lesion
lose INTERNAL DRIVE to movements
loss of suppression of motor programs triggered by visual stimulation
1. alien hand syndrome: CONTRALATERAL
2. utilization behavior: use of objects in inappropriate setting (usually suppressed)
39
postural tone is managed by
alpha MNs
40
feed-forward adjustments
anticipatory
| RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
41
feedback adjustments
VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT: contacts alpha and motor neurons
| senses when off kilter and adjusts muscle tone appropriately
42
vestibulospinal tract reflexes
VESTIBULOCOLLIC reflex: acts on neck to move head
VESTIBULOSPINAL reflex: adjusts limbs
reflex to maintain balance
43
other descending tracts provide central control of posture by (need 2/3 to be balanced)
vision
proprioception
vestibular
44
cortex tell head not to flip back when going to bend down to pick up something OR postural tone before running
= example of what adjustment and tracts
FEEDFORWARD ADJUSTMENT
CORTICORETICULAR TRACT
RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
45
pontine reticular formation
inhibited by cortex
| excites gamma MNs
46
medullary reticular formation
excited by cortex
| inhibits gamma MNs
47
net effect of corticoreticular and reticulospinal tracts:
cortex damps down gamma MN activity > MODULATES TONE (DECREASES TONE)
48
corticospinal system lesion
| PYRAMIDAL TRACT
LOSS FINE MOTOR CONTROL
| brainstem control centers compensate (other descending)
49
corticospinal system lesion
| SPINAL CORD TRANSECTION
all descending systems lost
FLACCID PARALYSIS
NO REFLEXES
gamma and alpha MNs have no input from CNS
***REFLEXES RETURN AS HYPERREFLEXIA
also HYPERTONIA
50
corticospinal system lesion
| MI or IC
LOSS OF TONE
weakness, hypotonia
"spinal shock" followed by BABKINSKI, HYPERREFLEXIA, HYPERTONIA, CLONUS, CLASP KNIFE RIGIDITY
DECORTICATE ;if above red nucleus and brainstem
51
corticobulbar tract
projects from cortex to CN nuclei, especially with motor capabilities
52
corticospinal tract pathway
M1, PM, SMA, somatosensory > IC > cerebral peduncle > pons > pyramidal tracts on ventral medulla > spinal cord
90% decussate > lateral corticospinal tract > distal limbs
10% doesn't > anterior corticospinal tract > axial/prox limbs
53
cortico bulbar projections to:
```
most all BILATERAL
III: eye movements
IV: eye movements
V: chewing
VI: eye movements
VII: facial move (CONTRALATERAL LOWER FACE)
IX: larynx and upper airway
X: larynx and upper airway
XI: SCM, trapezius
XII: tongue move
```
54
corticospinal, once in SC: contacts
alpha MNs: LMNS and interneurons to coordinate multi joint movements
55
cortex controls _______, NOT _______
motions, not muscles
56
rubrospinal tract neurons
magnocellular: large. input from M1, output to SC
parvo cellular: small. input from cerebellum, output to inferior olive
CONTRALATERAL bc axons decussate almost immediately from red nucleus
57
main clinical signs of cerebellar lesion
ataxia
action tremor
nystagmus
loss of balance
58
associated DCN
vermis =
paravermis =
lateral hemispheres =
vermis = fastigial
paravermis = emboliform and globus
lateral hem = dentate
59
don't eat green frogs (lateral to medial)
lateral: dentate > emboliform > globus > fastigial: medial
60
vermis fxns
MIDLINE FXNS
| speech, posture, stance, gait, visceral
61
paravermis fxn
APPENDICULAR MOVEMENTS
reaching
grasping
62
lateral hemispheres fxn
extensive reciprocal connections with cortex
spatially and temporally complex
cognition
PLAYING PIANO
63
granule cells are
most numerous cell in brain
64
start at granule cells >
granule cells > bifurcate > become parallel fibers > axons perpendicular to purkinje dendrites > ENORMOUS INTEGRATION OF INFO > purkinje to DCN > output
65
mossy fibers to
climbing fibers to
DCN and granule cells
DCN and purkinje cells
66
cerebellar damage type tremor
ACTION TREMOR
67
Associative Learning system
EFFERENT COPY + REAFFERANT SENSORY
68
cerebrocerebellum is a source of ______ fibers
mossy fibers
| to lateral hemisphers
69
vestibulaocerebellum from
vestibular nerve CN VIII and nuclei to flocculonodular lobe
70
spinocerebellum from
S and M from SC and vestibular, auditory, visual info to vermis and paravermis
71
basal ganglia input zone
corpus striaum: caudate nucleu and putamen
72
palladium receives input from
striatal output
73
basal ganglia fxn
```
selecting between mutually exclusive actions
PROMOTE ONE, SUPPRESS OTHER
CHOOSE FROM INPUTS:
external environment
internal state
associated memories and emotions
efferent copy
salience of possible actions
```
74
basal state of basal ganglia is
to do nothing -RUFF
75
medium spiny neurons (2 kinds)
1. GABA/substance P > GPi and SNr
| 1. GABA/enkephalin > GPe
76
need dopaminergic neurons to do
DA linked to
goal oriented movements
reward system
77
basal ganglia motor circuitry
all neurons inhibitory in basal ganglia (putamen, SNr, GPi, GPe)
EXCEPT subthalamic nucleus STN = excitatory
78
caudate nucleus pathway
caudate nucleus inhibits > SNr > brainstem >
1. superior colliculs > eye movement
2. PPT > locomotion
79
Parkinson disease
decrease in SNc = LOSS OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS
```
Sx:
bradykinesia
shuffling gait
cogwheel/lead pipe rigidity
tremor AT REST
dementia
```
80
Huntington disease
decrease act. of GPe >
choreiform
hyperkinsia
81
direct and indirect bg pathways work _______ to ensure a single desired action is activated
together
1. motor cortex says "i want to do something" activates DIRECT projections to appropriate motor programs
2. motor cortex "" > INDIRECT projections to all the competing motor programs
82
default network of cognitive processing
involved in
posteior parietal, posterio cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, medial temporal, vostrolateral temporal
day dreaming
autobiographic memories
envisioning future
moral decisions
83
cognition occurs between
stimulus and response (waiting for bus monologue)
84
association cortices
```
premotor
somatosensorty
auditory assoc
visual assoc
= unimodal
```
all others = multimodal
85
corticocortical connections
callosal connections
within same hemisphere
with other hemisphere
86
thalamic nucleus input
retina > lateral geniculate > primary visual cortex
cochlea > medial geniculate > primary auditory cortex
skin (ML) > VPL > primary somatosensory cortex
association cortex, superior colliculus > pulvinar > parietotemporal and visual association cortex
superior colliculus, oflactory, amygdala, ventral pallidum > medial dorsal > RER, ant cingulate cortex
assoc crtex, ant. cingulate, retina > lateral posterior > parieta, visual assoc, striatum
hypothalamus, hippocampus, cigulate > anterior > posterior cingulate
87
parietal cortex fxn
dominant hemisphere
nondominant hemisphere
dominant: skilled movements
R-L orientation
```
nondominant: attention/selective attn STROOP TEST
visuospatial localization (search, reach object)
spatial relationships (bind elements of visual scene together as single image)
```
88
posterior parietal cortex damage
```
SPATIAL NEGLECT (nondominant hemisphere): failure to acknowledged half of world
R controls visual fields of both sides
```
```
MOTOR APRAXIAS (dominant hemisphere): loss movement,loss ability to perform skilled motions
ex; IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA know how but physically unable: gestures or use of tools TOOTHBRUSH EXAMPLE
```
89
temporal assoiation cortex
superior temporal sulcus >
inferior temporal sulcus >
superior > LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL ATTENTION
| inferior > RECOGNITION
90
temporal association cortex uses __________ to recognize faces
population coding of neurons to recognize (faces, things)
91
temporal assoication cortex lesions >
AGNOSIA
92
prospagnosia
inability to recognize faces
| BILATERAL lesion INF TEMP COR
93
visual agnosia
inability to recognize an object
| UNIMODAL VISUAL CORTEX damage
94
astereognosia
inability to recognize object by touch alone
| UNIMODAL SOMATOSENSORY lesion
95
associative visual agnosia
can id, but not name
| POSTEIOR PARIETAL damage
96
finger agnosia
can't recognize fingers
| ANGULAR GYRUS of dominant PARIETAL CORTEX
97
Gentmann syndrome
figer agnosia
acalculia (can't do math)
agraphia (can't write)
R-L confusion
98
frontal association cortex
executive fun and planning
99
frontal associaion cortex damage
```
association with personality
IMPAIRED IMPULSE CONTROL
SOCIAL INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR
DISORDERED THOUGHT
PERSEVERATION
COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY
phineas gage
```
WISCONSIN CARD SORTING SHIT = perseveration
100
maturation of cortex
@ birth
1 yr
facts
@ birth: not integrated
1 yr: rapid development
1. synaptic density
2. myelination
3. gray matter thickness
101
maturation of cortex rate
not uniform
1. sesorimotor
2. unimodal association areas
3. high connect prefrontal
*last area to mature = first to degenerate
102
more plastic >
susceptible to changes
