SF2 Unit 3 Memorization Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Rule of 4: Four M’s
A
Motor Nucleus
Motor Pathway
MLF
Medial Lemniscus
2
Q
Rule of 4: Four S’s
A
Sympathetic
Spinothalamic
Sensory V
Spinocerebellar
3
Q
Midbrain: Lateral Blood Supply
A
PCA
4
Q
Midbrain: Medial Bloody Supply
A
PCA
5
Q
Pons: Lateral Blood Supply
A
AICA
6
Q
Pons: Medial Blood Supply
A
Basilar
7
Q
Medulla: Lateral Blood Supply
A
PICA
8
Q
Medulla: Medial Blood Supply
A
ASA
9
Q
Metencephalon
A
Pons and Cerebellum
10
Q
Myelencephalon
A
Medulla
11
Q
Other Name for Lateral Sulcus
A
Sylvian Fissure
12
Q
Other Name for Central Sulcus
A
Rolandic Fissure
13
Q
Alexia
A
Acquired loss of ability to read
14
Q
Agraphia
A
Acquired disorder of writing
15
Q
Visual Agnosia
A
Can see but cannot recognize object by sight alone
16
Q
Circle of Willis Arteries
A
Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Communicating Artery Internal Carotid Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery Posterior Communicating Artery
17
Q
Most common Saccular/Berry Aneurysm
A
Anterior Communicating Artery (causes diplopia)
18
Q
Diplopia
A
Blurred/Double Vision
19
Q
Aneurysm which can cause sensory aphasia
A
Middle Cerebral Artery (supplies Wernicke’s Area)
20
Q
Primary Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery
A
Opthalmic Artery Posterior Communicating Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Choroidal Artery Middle Cerebral Art
21
Q
Clinical Consequences of Middle Cerebral Artery Damage
A
1) Supplies most of Motor Cortex
2) Supplies Broca’s Area
3) Supplies Wernicke’s Area
22
Q
Important Temporal Lobe Structure Damaged by Occlusion of PCA
A
Hippocampus
23
Q
Wallenburg’s Syndrome
A
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Dysphagia, Dysphonia, Dysarthria
24
Q
Dysphagia
A
Difficulty swallowing
25
Dysphonia
Lack of speech coordination
26
Dysarthria
Unclear speech articulation
27
Symptoms: Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits
28
Vasogenic Edema
Disruption of BBB; protein enters ISF, drawing water
29
Osmotic Edema
Low plasma osmolarity
30
Hyponatremia
low plasma [Na+]
31
Hydrostatic Edema
Hydrostatic pressures forces fluid from plasma across BBB
32
Cytotoxic Edema
Cells swell from ATP depletion
33
Interstitial Edema
Imbalance between CSF in ventricles and surrounding ISF. Obstructive and Non-Obstructive types
34
Virchow-Robin Space
Sleeve of Pia and Subarachnoid Space which accompanies arterial branches into the brain. CSF can accumulate in old people here.
35
Papilledema
Edema of optic papilla (aka optic disc). Central retinal vein compressed
36
Connection from Lateral Ventricles to 3rd Ventricle
Intraventricular Foramen of Monro
37
Pineal Gland
In midbrain tectum. Secretes melatonin (important for circadian rhythm)
38
Symptoms: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1) Sudden onset severe headache
2) stiff neck
3) altered consciousness
4) pink CSF
39
Most common cause of Epidural Hemorrhage
Rupture Middle Meningeal Artery
40
Common Cause of Subdural Hemorrhage
Anterior/Posterior displacement of brain (tears bridging veins)
41
Contusion
Bruise of surface of brain. Can produce hemorrhage of varying size. Petechial/Small bleeds in subcortical white matter.
42
Concussion
Transient disruption of brain function
43
Symptoms: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
1) memory loss
2) paranoia
3) depression
4) ataxia
44
Most common Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus blockage
Aqueduct of Sylvius
45
Viruses causing neonatal/pediatric Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Mumps or Rubella Virus
46
Fibers in Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Efferent fibers to midbrain
47
Fibers in Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Afferent fibers from pontine nuclei
48
Fibers in Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Connect medulla/spinal cord to cerebellum. Afferent/Efferent both
49
Four places Retinal Ganglion Cells Project to
1) Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus)
2) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus)
3) Superior Colliculus (Midbrain Tectum)
4) Pretectal Area
50
Horner's Syndrome
Lesion in Sympathetic Pathway
Misions, Ptosis, Anhydrosis
51
Miosis
Pupil dilation
52
Ptosis
Dropping eyelid
53
Anhydrosis
Loss of sweating
54
Benign Aniscoria
Pupil asymmetry present in all lighting
55
Unilateral LMN lesion of CN III
1) down and out eye
2) ptosis
3) dilated pupil
56
Only cranial nerve exiting on dorsal surface
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
57
Nucleus mediating Jaw-Jerk Reflex
Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus
58
Virus causing Shingles
Herpes Zoster (Chicken pox) virus
59
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
60
Pseudobulbar Palsy
Bilateral UMN lesion of Corticobulbar Pathway
61
Which condition can bring Emotional Incontinence as a symptom?
Pseudobulbar Palsy
62
Decorticate Posturing
Upper Limb flexion (rubrospinal activity) and Lower Limb extension (vestibulospinal activity)
63
Decerebrate Posturing
Upper and Lower Limb extension (Vestibulospinal activity)
64
Dysarthria Hemiparesis (Pure motor hemiparesis; nothing else)
Affected: Paramedian Branches of Basilar Artery
65
Weber's Syndrome
Vascular syndrome - Midbrain basis
Branches of PCA and top of Basilar Artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (peduncle)
66
Claude's Syndrome
Vascular syndrome - Midbrain tegmentum
Branches of PCA and top of basilar artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia (red nucleus / fibers of superior cerebellar peduncle)
67
Benedikt's Syndrome
Vascular Syndrome - Midbrain basis AND tegmentum (Claude + Weber)
Branches of PCA and top of Basilar. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis and ataxia.
68
Top-of-Basilar Syndrome
Multiple PCA branches and Top of Basilar Artery.
* Vision/memory disturbances (supply to Occipital/Temporal lobes)
* Pupillary reflex/eyelid abnormalities (Edinger-Westphal, pretectal area)
* Eye movement disorder (oculomotor nuclei and nerve fascicles)
* Altered Consciousness (midbrain reticular formation
* Ataxia if SCA involved
69
Locked-in Syndrome
Bilateral ventral pons syndrome.
Unable to move. Vertical eye movements consciousness, and sensory pathways spared.
70
Parinaud's Syndrome
Dorsal Midbrain syndrome
