SHARFTERED FOR THE LAST 3 LECTURES

Question 1

(1) What is autophagy

Answer 1

Process of self-eating, process where cytoplasmic material is delivered to lysosome inside double-membrane vesicles for degrading

Question 2

(1) Why use autophagy

Answer 2

Provides cell with energy and metabolites, aa, lipids, nucleotides and sugars

• cell differenciation and developmental remodeling
• Removal of aggragtes and dammgaed organelles and pathogens

Question 3

(1) 5 types of autophagy

Answer 3

1) Chaperone-mediated autophagy
2) Microautophagy
3) Xenophagy
4) Mitophagy, pexophagy and reticulophagy (autophagosome)
5) Macroautophagy (autophagosome)

Question 4

(1) Autophagy related proteins that form autophagosome

Answer 4

1) PAS
2) mTORC1 complex
3) Atg1/Unc-51-like kinase (ULK1/2) complex
4) Atg conjugation system
5) Class III PI3K complex
6) Atg 8 conjugation system
7) Atg 18 repeat proteins
8) Atg9 multispan transmembrane protein

Question 5

(1) What is selective autophagy

Answer 5

This is the quality control pathway where cellular components are put into double-membrane vesicles and delivered to specific intracellular compartments

Question 6

(1) what is non-selective autophagy

Answer 6

Breaks down any crap due to an amino acid deficiency to get moar stuff for the cell i think

Question 7

(2) What is programmed cell death

Answer 7

A mechanism to remove unwanted or disased cells from a multicellular organism

Question 8

(2) Outline process of apoptosis

Answer 8

1) Signal and signal transuction
2) Catabolism of cellular components
3) Chromatin condensation + nucleus fragmentation
4) No morpholoical mods of organelles
5) Cell skrinkage
6) Intactness of mitochrondria and plasma membrane and shrinkage
7) Cell disintegration into apoptotic bodies)
8) Degradtion of phagocytic lysosomes of adjacent cells`

Question 9

(2) Outline process of necrosis

Answer 9

1) External trigger (no genetic program or signal trans)
2) Cytoplasmic swelling
3) Moderate chromatin condensation
4) Expansion of organelles (mito, ER, golgi)
5) Rapture of PM causing inflammation response

Question 10

(2) Difference between intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 10

In: Mitochondrial assembly of pro-apoptotic factors, uses caspase-9. INSIDE APOPTOSOME
Ex: Death ligand delivered to death receptor, uses caspase 8 INSIDE DISC

Question 11

(2) Structure and function of apoptosome

Answer 11

Cytochrome C: Activates apoptosome assembly and apoptotic signalling in cytosol
Apaf-1: Apoptotic protease activiting factor-1
CARD: Caspase recruitment domain
WD40 repeat: Forms circular B-propellar strucutures
Winged helix domain: Interacts with ATP/ADP

Question 12

(2) Name anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 12

Bcl-2 family: act in intrinsic pathway
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family: Act in in and ex pathway
-They act by ubi caspases using a RING domain for E3 liagse activity

Question 13

(2) Differences in plant PCD

Answer 13

1) No true death receptors
2) Vacuole
3) Cytochrome C is released
4) No Bcl-2 family
5) No caspases

Question 14

(2) Things that have similar roles in plant PCD

Answer 14

Plants dont have caspases

• Distantly related metacaspases (MCs) and vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs)
• These have caspase activity

Question 15

(3) Outline process of making MicroRNAs

Answer 15

1) Transcription (using RNA Pol II/III) Makes pri-miRNA
2) Cleaveage (using Drosha) Makes pre-miRNA
3) Nuclear export (using Exportin-5, Ran, GTP)
4) Cleavage (Dicer, TRBP) makes miRNA duplex
5) RISC formation (Argo2) makes mature miRNA

Question 16

(3) 3 functions of miRNAs

Answer 16

1) mRNA target cleavage
2) Translational repression
3) mRNA deadenylation