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Short Answer Qs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the principle of MALDI-TOF MS?

A

Identifies microorganisms by analyzing the unique protein mass spectra generated from microbial cells.

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2
Q

What are the expected results of MALDI-TOF MS?

A

Rapid identification of bacteria and fungi at the species level within minutes.

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3
Q

What is the principle of the VITEK® 2 System?

A

Automated system that uses biochemical assays and fluorescence-based technology for microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

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4
Q

What are the expected results of the VITEK® 2 System?

A

Accurate identification and susceptibility profiles of various microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.

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5
Q

What is the principle of the BIOFIRE® FILMARRAY® Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel?

A

Multiplex PCR assay that detects nucleic acids from multiple gastrointestinal pathogens in a single stool specimen.

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6
Q

What are the expected results of the BIOFIRE® FILMARRAY® GI Panel?

A

Simultaneous detection of 22 GI pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) with results available in approximately one hour.

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7
Q

What is the principle of EntericBio®?

A

Multiplex real-time PCR system for the simultaneous detection of enteric pathogens directly from stool samples.

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8
Q

What are the expected results of EntericBio®?

A

Rapid identification of pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Escherichia coli.

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9
Q

What is the principle of the BD MAX™ System?

A

Fully automated platform that performs nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR for pathogen detection.

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10
Q

What are the expected results of the BD MAX™ System?

A

Detection of various pathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, with up to 24 patient results in approximately 3 hours.

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11
Q

What is the principle of New York City (NYC) Agar?

A

Selective medium for isolating Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, containing antibiotics to suppress contaminating flora.

NYC Agar is specifically designed to isolate these pathogens from clinical specimens.

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12
Q

What are the expected results when using New York City (NYC) Agar?

A

Growth of Neisseria species as small, translucent colonies; inhibition of most other organisms.

This indicates successful isolation of the target organisms.

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13
Q

What is the principle of Selenite F Broth?

A

Enrichment broth that selectively inhibits the growth of competing flora while allowing Salmonella spp. to proliferate.

This medium is particularly useful for recovering Salmonella from fecal samples.

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14
Q

What are the expected results when using Selenite F Broth?

A

Enhanced recovery of Salmonella from stool specimens after incubation.

This indicates that Salmonella has been effectively isolated from the sample.

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15
Q

What is the principle of Tinsdale Medium?

A

Selective medium for Corynebacterium diphtheriae; potassium tellurite inhibits normal flora, and cystine enhances growth.

Tinsdale Medium is specialized for identifying C. diphtheriae.

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16
Q

What are the expected results when using Tinsdale Medium?

A

C. diphtheriae produces black colonies with brown halos due to tellurite reduction.

The black colonies are a result of the reduction of potassium tellurite by the bacteria.

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17
Q

What is the principle of Cetrimide Agar?

A

Selective medium for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; cetrimide inhibits other bacteria and enhances pigment production.

This agar is used to isolate Pseudomonas species from clinical and environmental samples.

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18
Q

What are the expected results when using Cetrimide Agar?

A

P. aeruginosa forms greenish colonies due to pyocyanin production; other bacteria are inhibited.

The greenish color is a characteristic feature of P. aeruginosa.

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19
Q

What is the principle of Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar?

A

Selective and differential medium for isolating enteric pathogens; differentiates based on xylose fermentation, lysine decarboxylation, and hydrogen sulfide production.

XLD Agar is commonly used for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from stool specimens.

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20
Q

What are the expected results when using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar?

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A

Salmonella: red colonies with black centers; Shigella: red colonies; E. coli: yellow colonies.

These color changes help in differentiating between the various enteric pathogens.

21
Q

What is the principle of Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)?

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A

Selective medium for isolating Salmonella and Shigella; sodium deoxycholate and citrate inhibit Gram-positive bacteria.

DCA is used in microbiology to isolate specific pathogens from samples.

22
Q

What are the expected results when using Deoxycholate Citrate Agar for Salmonella and Shigella?

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A

Salmonella: colorless colonies with black centers; Shigella: colorless colonies; lactose fermenters: pink colonies.

The black centers in Salmonella colonies indicate hydrogen sulfide production.

23
Q

What does the Kauffmann–White Classification Scheme classify?

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A

Serological classification of Salmonella based on O (somatic) and H (flagellar) antigens.

This classification is crucial for epidemiological tracking of Salmonella infections.

24
Q

What are the expected results when using Bismuth Sulphite Agar?

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A

Salmonella Typhi produces black colonies with a metallic sheen; other bacteria are inhibited.

Bismuth Sulphite Agar is particularly useful for isolating Salmonella Typhi from clinical samples.

25
What is the principle of Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)?
Selective medium with high salt concentration for Staphylococcus spp.; differentiates based on mannitol fermentation. ## Footnote MSA is used to isolate and differentiate Staphylococcus species.
26
What are the expected results when using Mannitol Salt Agar?
S. aureus: yellow colonies with yellow zones; other staphylococci: pink colonies; non-staphylococci: inhibited. ## Footnote The color change in S. aureus is due to mannitol fermentation.
27
What is the principle of MacConkey Agar?
Selective and differential medium for Gram-negative bacteria; differentiates lactose fermenters. ## Footnote MacConkey Agar is commonly used to isolate Enterobacteriaceae.
28
What are the expected results when using MacConkey Agar?
Lactose fermenters (e.g., E. coli): pink colonies; non-fermenters (e.g., Salmonella): colorless colonies; Gram-positive bacteria: inhibited. ## Footnote Pink colonies indicate lactose fermentation due to the pH indicator in the medium.
29
What does the CAMP Test detect?
The production of CAMP factor by Group B Streptococcus ## Footnote This factor enhances hemolysis of S. aureus beta-hemolysin.
30
What is the expected result of the CAMP Test?
Arrowhead-shaped zone of enhanced hemolysis at the junction of S. aureus and test organism streaks.
31
What does the Hippurate Hydrolysis Test determine?
The ability of an organism to hydrolyze hippurate into glycine and benzoic acid.
32
What indicates a positive result in the Hippurate Hydrolysis Test?
Deep purple color after adding ninhydrin reagent ## Footnote Indicates presence of organisms like Campylobacter jejuni.
33
What is Lancefield Grouping used for?
Serological classification of beta-hemolytic streptococci based on carbohydrate antigens.
34
What are the expected results of Lancefield Grouping?
Identification of streptococcal groups A, B, C, D, F, and G using specific antisera.
35
What does Bile Aesculin Agar differentiate?
Enterococci and Group D streptococci based on their ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile.
36
What indicates a positive result in Bile Aesculin Agar?
Blackening of the medium ## Footnote Indicates organisms like Enterococcus faecalis.
37
What is the principle of Thayer-Martin Selective Agar?
Enriched chocolate agar with antibiotics to selectively isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
38
What are the expected results when using Thayer-Martin Selective Agar?
Growth of Neisseria species; suppression of contaminating flora.
39
What does the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) do?
Amplifies specific nucleic acid sequences of pathogens using techniques like PCR.
40
What are the expected results of a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test?
High sensitivity and specificity in detecting pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
41
What does the Tributyrin Hydrolysis Test assess?
The ability of bacteria to hydrolyze tributyrin, indicating lipase activity.
42
What indicates a positive result in the Tributyrin Hydrolysis Test?
Clear zones around colonies on tributyrin agar ## Footnote Indicates lipase-producing organisms.
43
What is Hoyle’s Medium used for?
Selective medium containing tellurite for isolating Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
44
What are the expected results when using Hoyle’s Medium?
C. diphtheriae forms black colonies due to tellurite reduction.
45
What does the Elek Test detect?
Diphtheria toxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
46
PLET agar
polymyxin B, EDTA, and thallium acetate as selective agents for b.anthracis Lysozyme inhibits gram negative bacteria Grows creamy white circular colonies
47
Waterhouse friederichsen syndrome
Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) is defined as adrenal gland failure due to hemorrhages in the adrenal glands, commonly caused by sepsis. Typically, the bacteria responsible for triggering the bleeding is Neisseria meningitidis.
48
DIC Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
a rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting throughout the body’s blood vessels. In stage one, overactive clotting leads to blood clots throughout the blood vessels. The clots can reduce or block blood flow, which can damage organs. In stage two, as DIC progresses, the overactive clotting uses up platelets and clotting factors that help the blood to clot. Without these platelets and clotting factors, DIC leads to bleeding just beneath the skin, in the nose or mouth, or deep inside the body. Can be caused by bacterial infections e.g. Neisseria meningitidis
49
Catarrhalis disk test
M. catarrhalis produces butyrate esterase which hydrolyzes tributyrin, releasing indoxyl that reacts with oxygen to produce a blue-green colour

Medical Microbiology lectures (28 decks)

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