Virulence Factors

Question 1

Staph Aureus

Answer 1

1. Capsule
2. Adhesions = FBP/CBP
3. Protein A
4. Staphylokinase
5. Haemolysins
6. Exfoliative toxins
7. TSST-1
8. Enterotoxins
9. PVL
10. Coagulase
11. Biofilm

Question 2

Strep pneumonia

Answer 2

1. Capsule
2. Adhesions = pili, Cbp, PspC
3. Pneumolysin
4. LytA
5. Biofilm
6. IgA protease

Question 2

Strep pyogenes

Answer 2

1. Capsule (hyaluronic acid)
2. Anti-C5a peptidase
3. M-protein
4. Spe-A/B/C
5. Streptolysin S+O
6. DNase, Streptokinase

Question 3

Strep Agalactiae

Answer 3

1. Capsule
2. CAMP factor
3. Surface proteins
4. Haemolysins

Question 4

Bacillus Cereus

Answer 4

1. Petrichous flagella
2. Adhesions
3. Spores
4. Cerulide toxin
5. Haemolysins, protease, phospholipases
6. Biofilm
7. Enteric toxin (Hlb, Nhe, CytK).

Question 5

Bacillus Anthracis

Answer 5

1. Capsule
2. Anthrax toxin = Protective Antigen, Lethal factor, oedema factor

Question 6

Neisseria Meningitidis

Answer 6

1. Capsule
2. Pili
3. IgA protease
4. Outer membrane proteins (OpA/C)
5. Factor H binding protein
6. LOS (endotoxin)

Question 7

Neisseria Gonorrhoea

Answer 7

1. Pili
2. IgA protease
3. Outer membrane proteins (OpA/C)
4. Factor H binding protein
5. LOS (endotoxin

Question 8

Moraxella

Answer 8

1. Usp = inhibits complement
2. TAA
3. OlpA (binds Factor H complement protein)

Question 9

Haemophilus

Answer 9

1. Polysaccharide capsule
2. Pili
3. IgA protease
4. LOS
   Encapsulated only:
5. Phase variation
6. Biofilm

Question 10

Bordetella

Answer 10

1. Fimbriae
2. Filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin, agglutinin
3. Tracheal cytotoxin
4. Pertussis cytotoxin
5. Adenylate cyclase toxin

Question 11

Corynebacterium

Answer 11

1. Diphtheria toxin
2. Adhesions = pili

Question 12

Pseudomonas

Answer 12

Cell-associated components:
Capsule, Pili, LPS
Secreted components:
Pyocyanin, fluorescein, alginate slime (biofilm)
Exotoxins + enzymes:
Leukocidin, elastase, alkaline protease, phospholipase C
Exotoxin A/S
T3SS

Question 13

Obligate Anaerobe

Answer 13

Clostridioides, Bacteroides

Question 14

Aerobes

Answer 14

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bordetella pertussis
Neisseria species (strictly aerobic but capnophilic)
Moraxella catarrhalis
B. cereus

Question 15

Facultative Anaerobes (aerobes but can grow anaerobically)

Answer 15

Staphylococcus spp. (e.g., S. aureus)
Streptococcus spp.
Enterobacterales (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella)
Listeria monocytogenes
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Haemophilus influenzae
B. anthracis

Question 16

C. perfringens

Answer 16

a-toxin = (phospholipase/lecithinase) lyse RBCs, WBCs, platelets, endothelial cells
B-toxin = pore-forming toxin
e-toxin = pore forming toxin (produced by type B/D)
i-toxin = ADP-ribosyltransferase (strain E only)
Net-B = Necrotic enteritis B-like toxin = PFT
CPE = CP Enterotoxin (heat-labile) = destory TJ in enterocytes
Collegenase, Hyaluronidase, DNase
Spores

Question 17

C. difficile

Answer 17

Toxin A (TcdA) = enterotoxin =
Toxin B (TcdB) = cytotoxin - Rho GTPase inactivation -> apoptosis
Binary toxin (CDT) = ADP ribosyltransferase
Spores
Adhesions