short + working memory

Question 1

inputs go into 4 info-processing components. what are they?

Answer 1

sensory register (SR)

short-term memory
and
working memory

long-term memory

Question 2

where does information loss occur?

Answer 2

all stages

Question 3

what are the 4 cognitive processes that link the inofrmation-processing components together?

Answer 3

attention
perception
encoding
retrieval

Question 4

attention and perception is to process inputs from ____ to _____.

Answer 4

sensory register (SR) to STM/working mem

Question 5

STM ____ into LTM

Answer 5

encodes

Question 6

LTM goes through ____ to become working mem.

Answer 6

retrieval

Question 7

which stage of the 4 info-processing components is response/output possible?

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

which stage of the 4 info-processing components is info loss possible?

Answer 8

information loss is possible at every stage

Question 9

memory duration ranges from ms to years.

____ stores become ___ then ___.

Answer 9

perceptual; STM; LTM

Question 10

Results of sperling’s experiment:
decrease in performance is due to what?

Answer 10

rapid decay of iconic memory (sensory memory in modal model)

Question 11

perceptual aka ____ stores

Answer 11

sensory

Question 12

buffers serves as a temporary “holding area” for ________, allowing us to ______ and ________ to it before it either fades away or moves to further stages of memory.

Answer 12

sensory inputs; process; respond

Question 13

separate _________ stores correspond to different _______ modalities (e.g., sight, sound, touch), whcih has its own temporary _______ system.

Answer 13

perrceptual; sensory; storage

Question 14

Each sensory modality has its own temporary storage system. the 3 main types are:

Answer 14

Echoic Buffer: Stores auditory information (sounds).

Iconic Buffer: Stores visual information (images).

Haptic Buffer: Stores tactile (touch) information.

Question 15

what are 4 properties of perceptual stores?

Answer 15

1. modality specific
2. large capacity
3. fast degradation
4. limited amount of info transferred to other memory stores for further processing

Question 16

when someone does mental sums while remembering a phone number, memory can be lost through _______.

Answer 16

masking

Question 17

visual sensory memory aka

Answer 17

iconic memory

Question 18

what are trail of sparkler and frames in a film examples of? define it.

Answer 18

visual persistence: apparent persistence of visual stimulus beyong physical duration

Question 19

STM has smaller or larger capacities than perceptual stores?

Answer 19

smaller (only 5-8 items)

Question 20

STM includes:
1.
2.

Answer 20

1. new info received from sensory stores
2. info recalled from LTM

Question 21

does STM have slower or faster rate of decay than perceptual stores?

Answer 21

slower

Question 22

in STM, __________ can prevent degradation of memory.

Answer 22

rehearsal

Question 23

is rehearsal conscious or unconscious control?

Answer 23

conscious

Question 24

what cognitive process is involved whe info gets into STM from stimuli?

Answer 24

attention

Question 25

what is brown-peterson task?

Answer 25

measures STM duration read 3 letters, then a number (eg. fsl190) count backwards by 3s (190, 187, 184, ...) after set time, recall 3 letters

Question 26

which task measures STM duration?

Answer 26

brown-peterson task

Question 27

what is the results of brown-peterson task?

Answer 27

after 3s of counting backwards, ___% correct after 18s of counting backwards, ___% correct

Question 28

in brown-peterson task, reduction in performance is explained by existence of _____, which is vanishing of a memory trace due to what?

Answer 28

memory decay - vanishing of memory trace due to: 1. passage of time 2. exposure to competing stimuli

Question 29

proactive and retroactive interference are under ____ memory

Answer 29

short-term

Question 30

proactive vs retroactive interference

Answer 30

proactive interference - previous info stored in LTM interfere with learning new info retroactive interference - new info interferes with remmebering old info stored in LTM

Question 31

when using non-letter stimuli (numbers), _______ interference vanishes and info can hold on for ___ to ___seconds in ____ memory.

Answer 31

proactive; 15-20; short-term

Question 32

baddeley and hitch's working memory experiment contains __ modality-specific components. what are they?

Answer 32

2 phonological loop (auditory info) visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 33

which memory is the central executive component for manipulating items in memory and coordinating verbal asn visual info?

Answer 33

working mem

Question 34

what is articulatory rehearsal for?

Answer 34

1. refresh items in phonological store before decay 2. transfer visual info into phonological store

Question 35

what 2 effects are evidence that phonological store does not contain semantic representation?

Answer 35

word length effect (no. of syllables) phonological similarity effect (dissimilar words easier to rmb)

Question 36

define articulatory surpression

Answer 36

try to hold and rehearse information in working memory while simultaneously engaging in another task that interferes with your ability to rehearse verbally eg. repeat the the the while trying to remember phone number

Question 36

what are 3 consequences of articulatory surpression?

Answer 36

1. reduces memory span 2. eliminates word-length effect 3. reduces phonological similarity effect

Question 37

performance on simultaneous tasks in the same modality is ___ than performance on a single task ot tasks in different modalities

Answer 37

lower

Question 38

what does central executive in memory do?

Answer 38

manipulate info in visual +auditory components compare STM and LTM attention controller (focus, divide, switch) surpression of irrelevant info

Question 39

damage to ____ lobes of cortex can cause impairments to central executive

Answer 39

frontal

Question 40

damage to frontal lobes of cortex cause impairments to ________

Answer 40

central executive

Question 41

what is dysexecutive syndrome?

Answer 41

inability to plan inability to ctrl short-term impulses perseveration - repeatedly performing same action/thought even if it is not achieving the goal

Question 42

perserveration is a symptom of _______

Answer 42

dysexecutive syndrome

Question 43

3 problems of baddeley and hitch model

Answer 43

underspecification individual diff in mem capacity link to activated LTM

Question 44

what are 3 recent developments in working memory?

Answer 44

1. addition of 2 components - activated LTM - episodic buffer 2. fractionating central executive 3. explanation of indi diff

Question 45

what is episodic buffer

Answer 45

additional storage buffer - combine multimodal info - make new connections btwn items in LTM - keep track of chunks - prospective memory: for planned actions - resource for processing and storage needed by central executive

Question 46

episodic memory may be located in the ____ lobes

Answer 46

frontal

Question 47

evaluation of working memory model

Answer 47

more complex tasks than standard model data from brain-damaged patients account of episodic buffer lacks detail how to fractionate central exec into subcomponents? - switching - inhibition - refreshing