Sievert ANS

Question 1

Parasym. associates with which vertebrae and cranial nerves?

Answer 1

S2-4, brainstem nuclei associated with Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10

Question 2

Symp. associates with which vertebrae?

Answer 2

T1-L2, Lateral horn of grey matter

Question 3

Explain the synaptic connections in the Parasym.

Answer 3

1. between first (preganglionic) (CNS) and second (postganglionic) neurons
2. between postganglionic neuron (Paravertebral/chain, pre vertebral/ aorta) and effector cell

Question 4

The adrenal medulla only gets (blank)

Answer 4

sympathetics

Question 5

(Blank) fibers can talk to the enteric nervous system cell bodies

Answer 5

pre-ganglionic parasympathetic

Question 6

All (Blank) are cholinergic (both pre and post). (Blank) pre are cholinergic, post are adrenolergic. Except for skin. Skin is cholinergic.

Answer 6

1) parasympathetics

2) sympathetics

Question 7

T or F: There are synapses in all autonomic ganglion

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T or F: sensory nerves have a synapse

Answer 8

false

Question 9

T or F: there are synapses in the DRG

Answer 9

FALSE

Question 10

In divergence, if you stimulate preganglionic will have a (blank) effect. If you have convergence, will have a much more (Blank) effect.

Answer 10

1) huge

2) local

Question 11

What are the possible routes for an afferent axon?

Answer 11

Their axon once going back to spinal cord can go locally for reflexes, up to higher centers for conscious awareness, or they could go up for regulating a pattern generator or regulating cardiovascular responses or something that you’re not privy to.

Question 12

Where are the cell bodies for the autonomic system?

Answer 12

Cell bodies of autonomics (visceromotor) are in the lateral horn (intermediate gray) of very specific levels T1-L2 for sympathetics and S2-4 for para.

Question 13

Where are the cell bodies for the somatomotor fibers?

Answer 13

Cell bodies of somatomotor fibers are in the ventral horn

Question 14

(Blank) nerves go to the pelvic viscera and also to the abdominal cavity for descending colon.

Answer 14

Pelvic splanchnic

Question 15

preganglionic has to leave spinal nerve, otherwise it would go to (blank)

Answer 15

body wall

Question 16

In regards to the parasymp. and as far as the GI tract is concerned, second neuron is also part of the (Blank)

Answer 16

enteric nervous system

Question 17

The parasymp. only innervates the…

Answer 17

Parasympathetic only innervates viscera in body cavities, glands in the head, the eye and erectile tissues. Do not travel on spinal nerves.

Question 18

Describe path of sympathetic fibers.

Answer 18

1) originate in T1-L2, intermediate gray (lateral horn)
2) go through the ventral root, can synapse in two places.
3) In the sympathetic chain, which is paravertebral because they go down right alongside vertebral column, or they can synapse at prevertebral/preaortic ganglia.
4) Anything above diaphragm will synapse in chain via communicating rami before going to target. Anything under diaphragm goes to prevertebral ganglia to synapse, then goes to target (don’t synapse in chain).

Question 19

The sympathetic nerve itself doesn’t have to come out below the diaphragm, the important thing is that the (blank) is below the diaphragm.

Answer 19

TARGET

Question 20

All body wall (blank) synapse in the chain at or near the spinal nerve where they will ultimately distribute to targets. So it may go down the chain to the ganglion where it will synapse and go right out to spinal nerve.

Answer 20

sympathetics

Question 21

White rami are also known as…

Answer 21

preganglionic communicating, only found in T1-L2

Question 22

Grey rami are also known as…

Answer 22

postganglionic communicating ramus; found in all vert. and return signal to spinal nerve

Question 23

two names for thoracic splanchnics

Answer 23

1) Plain old thoracic splanchnics which you’ll see target viscera in the thorax
2) thoracic splanchnics coming off that go below the diaphragm: greater/lesser/least thoracic splanchnic. Would not synapse in the chain.

Question 24

T or F: sympathetics can travel on spinal nerves

Answer 24

true. To get out of the cord, and to travel to body wall targets, splanchnic nerves (to get to viscera), or blood vessels (as an end point in their destination to viscera or to the head)

Question 25

T or F: Sympathetic chain runs the entire length of the vertebral column.

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

Sympathetics to the head come from (blank) and travel up the chain aspreganglionic fibers. They synapse in the highest ganglion (superior cervical) and travel to structures in the head on blood vessels ( or cranial nerves).

Answer 26

T1-4

Question 27

How do sympathetics get on spinal nerves above T1/below L2?

Answer 27

Because there are no preganglionic fibers above T1/below L2, spinal nerves at these levesl must get their sympathetics from fibers that go up or down the chain, and synapse before leaving as a gray communicating ramus. Body wall outside of T1-L2 – only have gray rami, so have to connect to those spinal nerves with preganglionics from levels in T1-L2 that ascend/descent. Doesn't synapse until it gets to the spinal nerve near where it wants to target.

Question 28

Is there ever an instance where there is presynaptic neuron on grey ramus?

Answer 28

NO. Greys are only post gang.

Question 29

Most of the sympathetics to the thorax come from the (blank) after synapsing.

Answer 29

inferior cervical chain ganglion

Question 30

Guess where most of the sympathetics to the chest go? Are they synapsed?

Answer 30

To the cardiopulmonary plexus. | Yes, above the diaphragm.

Question 31

Any fiber leaving chain going posterolaterally is a (blank)

Answer 31

communicating ramus

Question 32

The nerves that give rise to these abdominal sympathetics are the (blank).

Answer 32

greater, lesser, least thoracic splanchnic nerves. Come from successively lower levels of sympathetic chain. Remember these do not synapse in the chain. They are targeting structures BELOW the diaphragm. Alongside vertebral body in anteromedial position

Question 33

After passing through the diaphragm, where do the symp. pre gang fibers synapse?

Answer 33

prevertebral/preaortic ganglion

Question 34

Sympathetics in abdomen come directly off chain in the region of the lumbar vertebra and synapse in other preaortic ganglia.

Answer 34

lumbar splanchnics. Does not synapse in chain.

Question 35

Most sympathetics in pelvis – come from abdominal cavity and come off in the (blank) region. Describe their path.

Answer 35

1) lumbar 2) Come off chain as lumbar splanchnic, pregnaglionic still, get into plexus, then travel down on the superiror hypogastric plexus and then down to the left and right hypogastric nerves. (once out as lumbar splanchnics, still preganglionic. can either synapse up in lumbar region and go down, or go down to pelvic region and then synapse.)

Question 36

Sympathetics to the pelvis usually synapse in the (blank), but there are lots of places where they could synapse.

Answer 36

inferior hypogastric plexus

Question 37

Cells in the adrenal medulla are basically (Blank) neurons.

Answer 37

postganglionic sympathetic

Question 38

Where do the post gang cells of the adrenal medulla finally synapse? What is released?

Answer 38

adrenal medulla chromatin cells (not in the celiac ganglia), causing the release of epinephrine/norepniephrine

Question 39

Visceral afferents traveling on (blank) mostly cause reflex activation or can give you a general feeling of something being wrong, but some can travel w/ (blank).

Answer 39

parasympathetics | Sympathetics

Question 40

where would the cell bodies be for these visceral afferents?

Answer 40

DRG

Question 41

How do visceral afferents travel?

Answer 41

1) traveling back on splanchnic nerve will go into sympathetic chain 2) back to spinal nerve through communicating ramus 3) through dorsal root to DRG.

Question 42

Afferents carrying pain going with (Blank) is generally more localizable than pain carried by (blank).

Answer 42

1) sympathetics | 2) parasympathetics

Question 43

pain from an organ is felt in a different area of the body

Answer 43

referred pain

Question 44

Why does referred pain exist?

Answer 44

don't have room for all the cells that would be necessary to handle an afferent response that you don't feel all the time. Don't want there to be another whole neuron just for this unused receptor, so it synapses on the same cell body as before.

Question 45

What nerves connects to the diaphragm and what type of muscle is it?

Answer 45

1) phrenic | 2) striated