Skeletal Flashcards by LJ Despi

include the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body or the trunk

Axial skeleton

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bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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•Support
•Protection
•Allow movement
•Storage
•Blood cell formation

Bones

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dense and looks smooth and homogeneous

Compact bone

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has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge

Spongy Bone

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typically longer than they are wide

Long Bones

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thin, flattened, and usually curved

Flat Bones

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cube-shaped

Short Bones

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Any bone that does not fit the aforementioned categorizes

Irregular Bones

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have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

Flat Bones

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have shafts with enlarged ends

Long Bones

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Generally composed of compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends
➢Ex: bones of the limbs

Long Bones

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ex: most bones of skull, ribs, sternum

Flat Bones

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contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
➢Ex: sesamoid bone, wrist & ankle bones

Short Bones

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mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
➢ex: vertebrae

Irregular Bones

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➢Shaft
➢makes up most of the bone’s length
➢composed of compact bone

Diaphysis

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a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis

Periosteum

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Aka “Perforating Fibers”

Sharpey’S Fibers

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secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

Sharpey’s Fibers

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the ends of long bones

Epiphyses

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consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

Epiphyses

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covers the external surface of the epiphysis

Articular Cartilage

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composed of hyaline cartilage

Articular Cartilage

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a distinct line found in adult bones

Epiphyseal Line

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remnant of the epiphyseal plate ➢a flat plate of hyaline cartilage ➢seen in young, growing bones ➢cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone

Epiphyseal Line

a delicate connective tissue that covers the inner bony surface of the shaft

Endosteum

cavity of the shaft

Medullary Cavity

in infants, it is a storage of red marrow

Medullary Cavity

➢produces blood cells ➢present until around the age of 6 or 7 then it is gradually replaced by yellow marrow ➢in adults, can only be found in the cavities of the spongy bone in the axial skeleton, the hip bones, and the epiphyses of long bones

Medullary Cavity

grow out from the bone surface

Projections or Processes

indentations in the bone

Depressions or Cavities

small needle-like pieces of bone that comprises the spongy bone

Trabeculae

spaces filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves

Trabeculae

aka "osteon"

Haversian System

structural and functional unit of compact bone

Haversian System

mature bone cells

Osteocytes

aka “Haversian canal”

Central Canals

Haversian Systems:

• Osteocytes • Lacunae • Lamellae • Central Canals • Canaliculi • Volkmann’S CanalS

Cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for the resorption of the bone

Osteoclast

Derived from osteoblast

Osteocytes

Living element of the bone

Osteocytes

They regulate the flow of minerals into & out the bone

Osteocytes

Primitive connective tissue will be replaced by osteoid matrix ➢Ex: cranial bones, facial bones, & clavicle

Membranous phase

Aka “cartilaginous phase” ➢Ex: long bones, spine, ribs

Endochondral phase

Stages Of Bone Remodeling - Osteoclast will be activated

Activation

- Osteoclast will dissolve the bone

Resorption

- Osteoblast will be recruited

Reversal

Formation of the new bone tissue

Formation

Bone will undergo dormancy until the next cycle begins

Quiescence

Stages Of Bone Remodeling:

• Activation • Resorption • Reversal • Formation • Quiescence

Aka “articulations”

Joints

sites where two or more bones meet

Joints

Two Functions • hold the bones together securely • give the rigid skeleton mobility

Joints

immovable joints

Synarthroses

no mobility to very slight mobility

Synarthroses

made up of fibrous structure

Synarthroses

slightly movable joints

Amphiarthroses

made up of cartilaginous structure

Amphiarthroses

mobility with stability

Amphiarthroses

➢freely movable joints ➢(+) synovial capsule

Diarthroses

bones are united by fibrous tissue ➢fxns: • stability • shock absorption • force transmission

Fibrous Joints

come in two varieties, which differ in the type of cartilage involved:

Cartilaginous Joints

immovable joints linked by hyaline cartilage

SYNCHONDROSES

amphiarthrotic joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage ➢ ex: IV disc, pubis symphysis

SYMPHYSES

are joint in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Synovial Joints

Synovial Joint

• Articular cartilage • Articular capsule • Joint cavity • Reinforcing ligaments

Flattened fibrous sacs lines with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Bursae

They are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Bursae

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

Tendon Sheath

➢articular surfaces are essentially flat ➢only short slipping or gliding movements ➢movements are nonaxial ➢Ex: intercarpal joints

Plane Joint

cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone

Hinge Joint

Angular movements is allowed in just one plane

Hinge Joint

They are UNIAXIAL ➢Ex: elbow jt, ankle jt, knee jt

Hinge Joint

rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone uniaxial joints ➢Ex: PRU jt, AA jt

Pivot Joint

egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another

Condylar Joint

allow the moving bone to travel (1) from side to side and (2) back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its long axis

Condylar Joint

➢biaxial ➢Movement occurs around two axes ➢Ex: MCP jts

Condylar Joint

➢each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle for a horse ➢biaxial ➢Ex: CMC jt of the thumb

Saddle Joint

spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket in another

Ball-And-Socket Joint

➢aka “universal jt” ➢multiaxial joints allow movements in all axes, including rotation ➢most freely moving synovial joints ➢Ex: shoulder & hip joint

Ball-And-Socket Joint