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Sports Studies Paper 1 > Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the different types of bones.

A

Flat Bones - Protect internal organs
Long Bones - Act as levers for movement
Irregular Bones - Protect the spinal chord
Short Bones - Bear weight
Sesamoid Bones - Ease joint movement

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2
Q

What are the different types of joint?

A
  • Ball and Socket Joint
  • Hinge Joint
  • Condyloid Joint
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3
Q

Name and describe the 3 planes of movement.

A

Frontal - Divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal - Divides the body into left and right
Transverse - Divides body into top and bottom

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4
Q

What types of movement happen in the frontal plane?

A

Abduction and Adduction

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5
Q

What types of movement happen in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and Extension
Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar Flexion

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6
Q

What types of movement happen in the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension
Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation

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7
Q

Describe the terms ‘origin’ and ‘insertion’.

A

Origin - Muscular attachement to a stationary bone
Insertion - Muscular attachment to a moveable bone

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8
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Muscle which contracts

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9
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Muscle which lengthens

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10
Q

What is isotonic contraction, and what are its 2 types?

A

Isotonic = When a muscle changes length during contraction
- Concentric is when the muscle shortens
- Eccentric is when the muscle lengthens

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11
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Isometric = When a muscle contracts but does not change length

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12
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the ANKLE for DORSI FLEXION/PLANTAR FLEXION?

A

DORSI FLEXION:
Agonist = Tibialis Anterior
Antagonist = Gastrocnemius

PLANTAR FLEXION:
Agonist = Gastrocnemius
Antagonist = Tibialis Anterior

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13
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the KNEE for FLEXION/EXTENSION?

A

FLEXION:
Agonist = Biceps Femoris
Antagonist = Rectus Femoris

EXTENSION:
Agonist = Rectus Femoris
Antagonist = Biceps Femoris

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14
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for FLEXION/EXTENSION?

A

FLEXION:
Agonist = Iliopsoas
Antagonist = Gluteus Maximus

EXTENSION:
Agonist = Gluteus Maximus
Antagonist = Iliopsoas

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15
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?

A

ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Adducor Longus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius

ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Adductor Longus

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15
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?

A

ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Adducor Longus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius

ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Adductor Longus

16
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the HIP for MEDIAL ROTATION/LATERAL ROTATION?

A

MEDIAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Gluteus Medius
Antagonist = Gluteus Maximus

LATERAL ROTAION:
Agonist = Gluteus Maximus
Antagonist = Gluteus Medius

17
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for FLEXION/EXTENSION?

A

FLEXION:
Agonist = Anterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Posterior Deltoid

EXTENSION:
Agonist = Posterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Anterior Deltoid

18
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION?

A

ADDUCTION:
Agonist = Latissimus Dorsi
Antagonist = Middle Deltoid

ABDUCTION:
Agonist = Middle Deltoid
Antagonist = Latissimus Dorsi

19
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for HORIZONTAL FLEXION/HORIZONTAL EXTENSION?

A

HORIZONTAL FLEXION:
Agonist = Pectoralis Major
Antagonist = Posterior Deltoid

HORIZONTAL EXTENSION:
Agonist = Posterior Deltoid
Antagonist = Pectoralis Major

20
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the SHOULDER for MEDIAL ROTATION/LATERAL ROTATION?

A

MEDIAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Teres Major
Antagonist = Teres Minor

LATERAL ROTATION:
Agonist = Teres Minor
Antagonist = Teres Major

21
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the ELBOW for FLEXION/EXTENSION?

A

FLEXION:
Agonist = Biceps Brachii
Antagonist = Triceps Brachii

EXTENSION:
Agonist = Triceps Brachii
Antagonist = Biceps Brachii

22
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist at the WRIST for FLEXION/EXTENSION?

A

FLEXION:
Agonist = Wrist Flexors
Antagonist = Wrist Extensors

EXTENSION:
Agonist = Wrist Extensors
Antagonist = Wrist Flexors

23
Q

Describe what happens at a motor unit.

A

Nerve impulses are initiated in the motor neuron cell body. They are conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by an action potential to the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter called acetylecholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulses across the gap. If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract. This is known as the ‘all or none law’.

24
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?

A
  • Slow Oxidative
  • Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
  • Fast Glycolytic
25
Q

Describe Slow Oxidative muscle fibres?

A
  • designed to store oxygen
  • produce a small amount of force
  • resist fatigue
  • perfect for long distance runners
26
Q

Describe Fast Oxidative Glycolytic muscle fibres?

A
  • designed to produce a large amount of force quickly
  • have capacity to resist fatigue
  • perfect for 800m runners
27
Q

Describe Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres?

A
  • designed to work anaerobically
  • has large stores of phosphocreatine for lots of force
  • fatigue very quickly
  • perfect for high intensity activities

Sports Studies Paper 1 (12 decks)

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